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VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory > Cardiac Radiographs > Flashcards

Cardiac Radiographs Flashcards

1
Q

are cardiac chambers visible on radiographs

A

no - use knowledge of anatomy

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2
Q

in lateral view - where is the right atrium and ventricle

A

RA: cranial and dorsal
RV: cranial and ventral

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3
Q

in lateral view - where is the left atrium and ventricle

A

LA: caudal and dorsal
LV: caudal and ventral

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4
Q

in DV view - where is the right atrium and ventricle

A

RA: right cranial
RV: right caudal

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5
Q

in DV view - where is the left atrium and ventricle

A

LA: left caudal
LV: left caudal - pokes out from LA caudally

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6
Q

in DV view - where are the great vessels

A

left cranial

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7
Q

cardiac clock - DV

A

11 to 1: aorta
1 to 2: pulmonary trunk
2 to 3: left atrium
3 to 5: left ventricle
5 to 9: right ventricle
9 to 11: right atrium

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8
Q

cardiac clock - lateral

A

12 to 3: left atrium
3 to 5: left ventricle
5 to 8: right ventricle
8 to 10: right atrium
10 to 12: great vessels

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9
Q

is the left or right ventricular wall thicker

A

left

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10
Q

how to ID pulmonary vessels on radiographs

A

located on either side of the bronchi

lateral: cranial pulmonary vessels

DV: caudal pulmonary vessels

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11
Q

pulmonary veins vs arteries on radiographs

A

lateral:
- veins = ventral
- arteries = dorsal

DV:
- veins = medial
- arteries = lateral

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12
Q

normal cardiac size in lateral

A

dogs: 2.5-3.5 intercostal spaces

cats: 2.5 intercostal spaces

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13
Q

normal cardiac size in DV

A

heart occupies <2/3 thoracic width

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14
Q

what causes normal variations in cardiac size

A
  1. cardiac cycle (systole vs diastole)
  2. respiratory cycle (inspiration makes heart appear smaller)
  3. hydration status (dehydration decreases size)
  4. body condition (obesity increases heart size)
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15
Q

how does left atrial enlargement appear on radiographs

A
  • bulge in LA area
  • flattening of caudal aspect in lateral
  • elevated trachea
  • “bowlegged cowboy”
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16
Q

ddx for enlarged LA on radiographs

A
  1. mitral insufficiency
  2. cardiomyopathies (DCM, HCM)
  3. L to R shunts (PDA, VSD)
17
Q

is right or left atrial enlargement more common

A

left atrial enlargement

18
Q

how does right atrial enlargement appear on radiographs

A
  • bulge in RA area
  • widened cardiac silhouette on lateral (enlarged in cranial caudal direction)
19
Q

ddx for enlarged RA

A
  1. tricuspid insufficiency
  2. severe pulmonic stenosis
  3. cardiomyopathies
20
Q

how does left ventricular enlargement appear on radiographs

A
  • elongation of the heart
  • elevated trachea
  • prominent apex
  • bulge in LV area
21
Q

ddx for left ventricular enlargement

A
  1. sub aortic valve stenosis (dogs)
  2. cardiomyopathies (HCM; cats)
  3. mitral insufficiency
22
Q

how does right ventricular enlargement appear on radiographs

A
  • “reverse D” shape
  • widened cardiac silhouette on lateral
  • cranio-ventral bulge
  • elevation of apex from the sternum
23
Q

ddx for right ventricular enlargement

A
  1. pulmonic stenosis
  2. pulmonary hypertension
  3. tricuspid insufficiency
  4. cardiomyopathies
24
Q

what is the main cause of generalized/multi chamber enlargement in dogs

A

dilated cardiomyopathy or pericardial effusion

25
Q

DCM on radiographs

A

enlarged, normal shape and margins of auricles and apex

26
Q

pericardial effusion on radiographs

A

enlarged and rounded w/ sharp margins

circular on DV

27
Q

what is the main cause of generalized/multi chamber enlargement in cats

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or dilated cardiomyopathy

28
Q

HCM on radiographs

A

less marked enlargement than DCM

large base with narrow apex (valentine’s heart)

29
Q

peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH)

A

herniation of the small intestines through an opening from the diaphragm into the pericardium

30
Q

caudal vena cava size on radiographs

A

<1.5x aorta

aorta does not change size easily –> use as a marker for CVC size

31
Q

what does an enlarged CVC indicate

A

right heart failure OR volume overload

32
Q

how to evaluate pulmonary vessel size

A

arteries: should be smaller than the 9th rib on DV
veins: should be same size as arteries

33
Q

what does enlarged pulmonary vessels indicate

A

arteries: bulge of pulmonary trunk

veins: left sided congestive heart failure

34
Q

enlarged cardiac arteries/veins

A
  1. fluid overload
  2. left to right shunts
35
Q

causes of small cardiac arteries and veins

A
  1. dehydration/hypovolemia
  2. right to left shunts
  3. severe pulmonic stenosis

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory (38 decks)

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