Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro and Sexual Health > Pathology of Uterus > Flashcards

Pathology of Uterus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the effect of progesterone in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What will the endometrium be like post-menopausal?

A

Inactive

Atrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the graafian follicle?

A

The dominant follicle that is selected to become the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of epithelium lines the endometrium?

A

Glandular (columnar) epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a mitotic figure?

A

Cell actively growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

As the corpus luteum is being broken down by macrophages, fibroblasts lay down type I collagen, forming the corpus albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How will the histological slides change as the endometrium progresses from follicular to secretory?

A

Increased tortuosity and luminal secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the indications for endometrial sampling?

A

Abnormal uterine bleeding
Ix for infertility
Spontaneous and therapeutic abortion
Assessment of response to hormonal therapy
Endometrial ablation; indication for abnormal bleeding
Work up prior to hysterectomy for benign indications
Incidental finding of thickened endometrium on scan
Endometrial cancer screening; lynch syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why should you sample spontaneous and therapeutic abortions?

A

Exclude a molar pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Prolonged and increased menstrual flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is metorrhagia?

A

Regular intermenstrual bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is polymenorrhoea?

A

Menses occuring at <21 days interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is polymenorrhagia?

A

Increased bleedig and frequent cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is menometorrhagia?

A

Prolonged menses and intermenstrual bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is amenorrhoea?

A

Absence of menstruation > 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is oligoamenorrhoea?

A

Menses at intervals of > 35 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the definition of post menopausal bleeding?

A

Abnormal uterine bleeding > 1 year after cessation of menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are causes of AUB in adolescence or early reproductive life?

A

DUB due to anovulatory cycles
Pregnancy/ miscarriage
Endometritis
Bleeding disorders; protein S or protein C deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are causes of AUB in reproductive life/ perimenopause?

A 
Pregnancy/ miscarriage 
DUB; anovulatory cycles, luteal phase defects
Endometritis 
Endometrial/ endocervical polyp
Leiomyoma = FIBROID
Adenomyosis
Exogenous hormone effects
Bleeding disorders
Hyperplasia
Neoplasia; cervical, endometrial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

Endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium; causes painful menstruatio n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial glands and stroma outwith the endometrial cavity

24
Q

What causes AUB postmenopausally?

A 
Endometrial carcinoma 
Sarcoma 
Atrophy
Endometrial polyp
Exogenous hormones; HRT, tamoxifen
Endometritis
Bleeding disorders
25
Q

What is the gold standard for assessing the endometrium?

A

Transvaginal US

26
Q

In postmenopausal women what endometrial thickness is an indication for taking a biopsy?

A

More than 4mm

16mm in premenopausal

27
Q

What are the 2 methods to sample the endometrium?

A

Endometrial pipelle

Dilation and curretage

28
Q

What is the difference between an endometrial pipelle and dilatation and curettage?

A

Pipelle; no anaesthesia, outpatient procedure, very safe BUT limited sample
Dilatation and curretage; most common op performed in women, most common sampling method, BUT can miss5% of hyperplasias/ cancers

29
Q

What is a required history in gynae?

A 
Age
Date of LMP and length of cycle 
Pattern of bleeding 
Hormones
Recent pregnancy
30
Q

Should you take a pipelle when the women is menstruating?

A

No

31
Q

What is DUB?

A

Irregular uterine bleeding that reflects a disruption in the normal cyclic pattern of ovulatory hormonal stimulation to the endometrial lining (no organic cause for bleeding)

32
Q

What is the most common cause of DUB?

A

Anovulatory cycles; PCOS, hypothalamic dysfunction, thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinaemia

33
Q

When is DUB most common?

A

At either end of reproductive life

34
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of DUB?

A

Corpus luteum does not form

Continued growth of functionalis layer

35
Q

What is luteal phase deficiency?

A

Insufficient progesterone or poor response by endometrium to progesterone
Abnormal follicular development (inadequate FSH/LH)
Poor corpus luteum

36
Q

What is the pathology of organic causes of AUB?

A

Endometrium; endometritis, polyp, miscarriage

Myometrium; adenomyosis, leiomyoma

37
Q

How is endometritis pathologically diagnosed?

A

Recognition of abnormal pattern of inflammatory cells

38
Q

What is the role of the cervical plug?

A

Protects the endometrium from ascending infection

39
Q

What micro-organisms commonly cause endometritis?

A 
N. gonorrhea 
Chlamydia
TB
CMV
Actinomyces (fungal assoc with IUCD) 
HSV
40
Q

What can cause inflammation of the endometrium without a specific organism?

A 
IUCD; copper coil
Post-partum 
Postabortal 
Post-curretage 
Chronic endometritis 
Granulomatous (sarcoid, foreign body post ablation) 
Assoc with leiomyomata or polyps
41
Q

What is chronic plasmacytic endometritis assoc with?

A

PID; N. gonorrhoeae, chlamydia, enteric organisms)

42
Q

Will endometrial polyps be symptomatic?

A

Tend to be asymptomatic but may present with bleeding or discharge

43
Q

Is an endometrial polyp always benign?

A

No; endometrial cancer can present as a polyp

44
Q

When will polyps become painful?

A

They can tort and infarct

Can ulcerate

45
Q

What are the subunits of the placenta?

A

Chorionic villi; contains all the DNA of the foetus

46
Q

At what age will a foetus have nucleated blood vessels?

A

Below 12 weeks

47
Q

What is a molar pregnancy?

A

Abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus
It’s a form of gestational trophoblastic disease which grows as a mass characterized by swollen chorionic villi
Partial or complete moles

48
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

Cells that form the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta

49
Q

Which type of hydatidiform mole has a higher risk of malignant transformation to a choriocarcinoma (tumour of placenta)?

A

Complete rather than partial

50
Q

What is a complete molar pregnancy?

A

Only paternal DNA present

Sperm fertilises with an egg that has lost its DNA

51
Q

What is a partial molar pregnancy?

A

2 sperm fertilize one egg and therefore you will get 69 XXY (triploid)
So will have both maternal and paternal DNA

52
Q

What is leiomyoma?

A

Benign tumour of smooth muscle, may be found in locations other that the uterus

53
Q

How can a leiomyoma present?

A

Menorrhagia
Infertility
Mass effect
Pain

54
Q

How will a leiomyoma look microscopically?

A

Interlacing smooth muscle cells

55
Q

Can a leiomyoma transform malignant?

A

Yes; leiomyosarcoma

Repro and Sexual Health (77 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions