Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro and Sexual Health > Breastfeeding and formula feeding module > Flashcards

Breastfeeding and formula feeding module Flashcards

1
Q

What are the treatment benefits for breast fed infants?

A

Reduced risk of resp, GI and ear infections
Higher IQ scores
Reduced malabsorption and reduced risk of infant death
Effects on obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the treatment benefits for women who breast feed?

A

Reduced risk of breast cancer and better birth spacing
Reduced risk of ovarian cancer
Reduced risk of T2DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are vitamin D supplements recommended for breast feeding women?

A

Yes;
All pregnant and breastfeeding women should take 10 micrograms a day
All babies under 1 year should have a daily supplement from 8.5 to 10 micrograms a day from birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are women with HIV recommended to breast feed?

A

Currently no to reduce any potential risk of transmission of HIV to the baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can vertical HIV transmission be reduced?

A

HAART for mother and baby
Birth by c/s
Avoidance of breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What advice should be given if a women with HIV chooses to breastfeed?

A

Advised to breastfeed exclusively and stay on medication to keep viral load undetectable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When will babies tend to feed most?

A

Evening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is feeding regular in the first 48 hours?

A

No; feeding is infrequent, but around the 3rd day as milk supply increases and changes from colostrum to more mature milk, frequency increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the range of feeding in infants?

A

From 6 to 15 feeds in 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does breast size determine the quantity of breast milk produced?

A

No; during pregnancy the glandular tissue will proliferate and produce colostrum from mid pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is present in breast milk?

A 
Protein
Carbohydrates
Water
Fat 
First milk; protein rich
End of milk; fat rich
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is colostrum produced?

A

Mid-pregnancy and through first few days of birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is present in colostrum?

A

High levels of immune proteins

Laxative effect to help infants pass meconium and prevent jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do babies require lots of colostrum in the first 48-72 hours of life?

A

No; as their immature kidneys adjust from excreting large amounts of fluid as blood volume reduces by 25% and colostrum is a concentrated form of milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does mature milk have the same overall daily intake of immune proteins as colostrum?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is breast milk bluish with a thin cream layer on standing?

A

Contains little casein which are the milk solids that reflect light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe how breast milk changes from the start to end of a feed

A

The milk at the beginning of a feed can be high in water, sugars and protein but low in calories and fat
As oxytocin triggers milk release, it has a higher fat content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What change of hormones post birth give rise to the mlik?

A

Decreasing progesterone and oestrogen

Increasing prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the suckling reflex?

A

Production of breast milk is stimulated by prolactin which is released in response to baby suckling
In the early days, when lactation is being established, frequent feeding or expression is important for stimulation and continuation of milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the “let down/ ejection reflex”?

A

Milk is ejected from the breast in response to a combination of suckling-stimulated oxytocin release and the baby’s feeding action
Oxytocin levels are highest when mother and baby are in contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the action of feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL)

A

In any area of the breast not being drained, the level FIL rises and signals to the breast tissue to slow production
Milk is produced all the time, but is fasted when there is least milk in the breast
THUS milk removal is key to milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is attachment?

A

Refers to how the infant takes the breast into his mouth for breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is good attachment vital for?

A

Essential for effective, pain free breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can poor attachment lead to?

A

Painful nipples
Engorgement
Low milk supply
Infant; unsettles, very frequent feeding and failure to gain weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where should the baby’s face be positioned for adequate attachment?

A

Nose opposite to nipple
Head tipped back to allow top lip to brush nipple
When mouth is wide open; quickly move them towards the breast with head tilted back and chin leading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What can a tongue tie lead to?

A

Issues attaching to breast
Issues drawing enough breast tissue into mouth
Issues achieving coordinated sucking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a tongue tie?

A

Congenital condition whereby there is tightness in the infant’s lingual frenulum restricting tongue motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is positioning?

A

Refers to how the mother holds the infant to enable breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the key factors that support breastfeeding?

A

Provide all women with antenatal information on how breastfeeding works
Early (preferably within 1st hour) and frequent responsive feeding
Mother and infant in close proximity as much as possible, including skin to skin
Inform mothers on lactation, positioning and how to maintain lactation
Avoid giving breastfed infants any food or drink other than breast milk

30
Q

What are reasons why women express breastmilk?

A

Breasts feel full and uncomfortable prior to attachment
Infant too small or sick to breastfeed
Hospitalization of mother where not possible to keep mother and infant together
Mother away from infant for more than a few hours
Mother returning to work with no facilities to breastfeed

31
Q

What has been shown as an effective intervention for breastfeeding in neonatal units?

A

Kangaroo skin to skin

32
Q

How can milk flow be encouraged for expressing?

A

Being in a comfortable place, where it is relaxed and quiet
Close contact with infant
Warm bath or shower or applying warm flannels to breast
Gently massaging or stroking breast towards nipple for a few mins
Changing breasts every few mins

33
Q

What are the different methods of expressing?

A

Hand expression

Hand and electric pumps

34
Q

What is important for expressing irrespective of the method chosen?

A

Mother washes hands

All containers and bottles and pump are washed in cold, then hot soapy water and then sterilised

35
Q

How long can expressed breast milk be stored?

A

5 days in the coldest part of the fridge
2 weeks in freezer compartment of fridge
6 months in a domestic freezer; as minus 18 or lower

36
Q

How should frozen breast milk be used?

A

Defrosted and then used within 24 hours
Should NOT be refrozen once is thaws
A microwave should not be used to warm of defrost breast milk

37
Q

What are the most common problems associated with breastfeeding?

A

Painful nipples; poor attachment
Engorgement; painful swelling of breasts
Mastitis; red, inflamed breasts
Concerns about not enough milk

38
Q

Is there evidence to support the application of topical preparations to prevent/ treat painful nipples in absence of nipple infection?

A

No

39
Q

For what condition is topical preparations used to treat in terms of painful nipples?

A

Thrus and/or staphylococcus

40
Q

What tends to relieve the symptoms of mastitis?

A

Frequent feeding

Expressing between feeding

41
Q

What are positive signs that the mother is producing enough milk?

A

Appropriate assessment of weight
Several (6 or more) wet nappies in 24 hours
At least 3 dirty nappies per 24 hours

42
Q

Can babies lose weight when first born?

A

Yes; it is not uncommon for breastfed infants to lose up to 10% of birth weight in the first few days

43
Q

What are good signs of attachment?

A

Baby has large mouthful of breast

Babies chin indenting breast

44
Q

What does the UK department of health recommend in terms of how long to breast feed for?

A

Breast fed exclusively for first 6 months, with breastfeeding continuing thereafter along appropriate types and amounts of solids

45
Q

Why is formula inferior to breast milk?

A

Powdered instant formula is not sterile and so can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms
Formula fed babies do not receive immunological benefits of breastmilk
Growth pattern of formula fed infants is different to that of breastfed babies; lose less weight in first few days and gain weight quickly from around 4-6 months which may increase risk of CV and non-communicable diseases in future
Infant formula is made to standard recipes and the constituents do not vary with the differing needs to infants over time as breast milk does

46
Q

Should you prepare formula feeds in advance?

A

No; should prepare one bottle at a time

47
Q

Should eye contact be made whilst formula feeding?

A

Yes; eye contact and cuddling will help to release oxytocin in baby and carer

48
Q

Should you force a baby to finish the formula feeds?

A

No; can lead to over-feeding
Mouthing, rooting and fussing are cues that babies are hungry
Babies take natural pauses in a feed and may need to be lifted to release any swallowed air before continuing

49
Q

Is a gulping baby a hungry baby?

A

No; trying to cope with fast flow

Holding the bottle close to horizontal will enable the baby to take milk at a more comfortable rate and to take pauses

50
Q

When should leftover formula milk be discarded?

A

Within 2 hours

51
Q

How much formula should babies be taking based on weight?

A

Average formula intake from around day 4 to 5-6 months is 150 ml/kg weight in a 24 hour period

52
Q

How much formula should babies be taking based on energy requirements?

A

170 ml/kg/day in first 3 months

130 ml/kg/day at 4-6 months

53
Q

What are cues that babies are hungry?

A

Mouthing
Rooting Fussing
Let baby open mouth, never force a teat into mouth
Allow infant to stop feeding when finished
Allow infants to pause and sit up to release swallowed air

54
Q

In hot weather, should formula fed babies be given water?

A

Yes; offered plain, cooled, boiled water

Different for breastfed babies as breastmilk will change in response to babies needs for fluid even in very hot weather

55
Q

With what temperature water should formula be mixed with?

A

No less than 70 degrees

56
Q

What can formula milk be based from?

A

Cow’s milk
Goat’s milk
Soya protein

57
Q

What are the different cows’ milk based formulas?

A 
Whey dominant (60:40) 
Casein dominant
Modified formulas for minor digestive problems
58
Q

What are casein dominant formulas labelled for?

A

Hungry babies
Whey:casein ratio of 20:80, similar to cows’ milk
Protein content higher

59
Q

Are follow on formula’s recommended for babies under 6 months?

A

No

60
Q

What will modified formula’s contain?

A

Partially hydrolysed protein, with altered carbohydrate source and thickeners

61
Q

At what age can you give babies soya based formula?

A

Over 6 months

High content of phyto-oestrogen

62
Q

What are the 2 formats of infant formulas?

A 
Dried powder (not sterile) 
Sterile UHT treated ready to feed liquid that is more expensive
63
Q

What are the most dangerous organisms that can be present in dried powder formula?

A

Salmonella - gram negative bacillus

Cronobacter - gram negative, facultatively anaerobic bacillus

64
Q

What infants are most at risk for severe illness from contaminated formula?

A

Young infants up to 4 weeks
Low birthweight infants
Infants with compromised immunity
Preterm infants

65
Q

What can over concentration of feeds lead to?

A

Constipation
Hypernatraemia
Vomiting
Excessive weight gain

66
Q

What can under concentration of feeds lead to?

A

Inadequate calories for growth and development

67
Q

What are the recommendations if formula feeds are required to be prepared in advance?

A

Keep them constantly at 5 degrees or below
Use within 24 hours
Use a cool box if needed to be transported

68
Q

How should formula feeds be warmed?

A

Stand in jug of hot water for a few mins

69
Q

Why is microwaving not recommended?

A

Ongoing heating; milk will continue to heat after removal

Hot spots; milk heats unevenly and hot milk in centre may scald infant

70
Q

What are the recommended methods of sterilisation?

A

Chemical
Steam
Microwave; with a special steamer
Boiling water; immersed for 10 mins

Repro and Sexual Health (77 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions