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Respiratory System > Pathology of Pulmonary Neoplasia > Flashcards

Pathology of Pulmonary Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Aetiology of Lung Cancer (6)

A 
Tobacco
Asbestos
Environmental radon
Occupational exposure (Chromates, Hydrocarbons, Nickle)
Air pollution and urban environment
Pulmonary fibrosis
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2
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide

A

Lung cancer

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3
Q

What are the 2 main pathways of Carcinogenesis in the lungs

A

Lung periphery- Bronchioalveolar epithelial stem cells become adenocarcinoma
Central lung- Bronchioalveolar epithelial stem cells become SCC

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4
Q

Key driver oncogene addiction mutations (6)

A 
KRAS
EGFR
BRAF, HER2
ALK
ROS1
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5
Q

Why are there very few suitable targets for SCC

A

There are very few addictive oncogenes. Tumour suppressor gene mutations are targeted instead

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6
Q

What are Carcinoid tumours

A

Slow growing cancer

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7
Q

What are the 4 main types of Carcinoma of the lung

A

Squamous cell
Adenocarcinoma
Small Cell Carcinoma
Large Cell Carcinoma

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8
Q

Features of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Develops in flat cells that cover the surface of your airways and grows near the centre of the lung

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9
Q

Features of Adenocarcinoma

A

Most common

Starts in the mucous making gland cells in the lining of your airways (peripheral)

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10
Q

Features of Small cell carcinoma

A

Usually caused by smoking (spread quite early on)

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11
Q

Features of Large cell carcinoma

A

Cells appear large and round under the microscope

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12
Q

Local effects of lung cancer caused by bronchial obstruction (5)

A 
Lung collapse
Endogenous lipoid pneumonia
Infection
Abscess
Bronchiectasis
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13
Q

Local effects of lung cancer that occur pleurally

A

Inflammation

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14
Q

Local effects of lung cancer caused by direct invasion

A

Nerve damage

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15
Q

Distant effects of lung cancer

A 
Distant metastases (liver, kidney, brain bone and skin)
Neural and vascular
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16
Q

Investigations for lung cancer

A 
CXR
Sputum cytology
Bronchoscopy (Bx, brushings or washing)
FNA
Trans-thoracic core biopsy
Pleural effusion cytology and biopsy
Imagine (CT, MRI, PET)
17
Q

Treatment for NSCLC

A

Immunotherpay using PD1/PD-L1

Respiratory System (30 decks)

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