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Respiratory System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology

A

Studies the prenatal development of gametes, fertilisation and development of embryos and foetuses

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2
Q

Male Gametes

A

Spermatogonium

Meiosis forms 2 sperms 22+X or 22+Y

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3
Q

Female Gametes

A

Oogenesis

Meiosis forms 1 Ovum (23+ X and 4 polar bodies)

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4
Q

Process of fertilisation

A

Several sperm surround the ovum, only one penetrates

Pronucleus of sperm enters and fuses with pronucleus of ovum to produce a diploid cerll caled zygote

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5
Q

After week 1 the zygote divides to become a

A

Blastocyst

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6
Q

Zygote develops into

A

Morula (solid ball of cells)

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7
Q

Morula develops into a

A

Blastocyst

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8
Q

Why does a morula develop into a blastocyst

A

As the number and size of cells increase, getting nutrition to the central core of cells becomes difficult

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9
Q

What is the outer lining of the blastocyst called

A

Trophoblast

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10
Q

Features of blastocyst

A

Inner cell mass
Trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity

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11
Q

How long does it take for the blastocyst to form and reach the uterine cavity

A

5-6 days

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12
Q

What do the zygote/morula/blastocyst require to reach the uterine cavity

A

healthy cilliates epithelium in the fallopian tube

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13
Q

When does implantation occur

A

Day 6

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14
Q

What does the trophoblast develop into and how?

A

Divides into 2 layers and forms the chorion which develop finger like processes called chorionic villi which form part of the placenta

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15
Q

What does the chorion secrete and how is this useful

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin which is used to detect pregnancies

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16
Q

What is the Decidua Basalis

A

Part of the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus

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17
Q

What 2 cavities form from the inner cell mass

A

Epiblast and Hypoblast (bilaminar disc)

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18
Q

What do the 2 cavities go on to form

A

Amniotic sac

Yolk Sac

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19
Q

Purpose of Placenta

A

Foetal nutrition
Transport of waste and gases
Immunity

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20
Q

What is the appearance of the foetal part of the placenta

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

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21
Q

What is the maternal part of the placenta

A

Decidua basalis of endometrium which is rough and has maternal blood vessels

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22
Q

When does the placenta mature and how much does it weigh

A

18-20 weeks

1/6th foetus

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23
Q

What is Gastrulation

A

Formation of germ layers

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24
Q

What is the primitive streak

A

dip in epiblast where cells have started to divide

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25
Q

How are the 3 germ layers formed

A

The epiblast continue to proliferate and displace the hypoblast

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26
Q

What are the 3 germ layers formed from the epiblast

A

Ectoderm (skin,nervous system)
Mesoderm (skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart blood)
Endoderm (lung, liver, gut)

27
Q

How is the Notochord formed

A

Some cells continue to proliferate and lose contact with the ectoderm and sink down to form a solid tube

28
Q

What does the Notochord do to form a neurotube

A

Sends out signals

29
Q

Where does the development of somites occur

A

Mesoderm

30
Q

What induces the thickening of the mesoderm

A

neural tube

31
Q

What are the 3 separate parts of the somite

A

Paraxial plate
Intermediate plate
Lateral plate

32
Q

The lateral plate is divided into 2 parts which are

A

Somatic and Splanchnic

33
Q

Paraxial Plate Mesoderm

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Scleratome

34
Q

Intermediate Plate Mesoderm

A

Urogential system (kidney and reproductive)

35
Q

Lateral Plate Mesoderm

A

Body cavity and coverings

36
Q

How many spinal nerves innervate a somite at each level

A

one

37
Q

What lies between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm

A

Intra-embryonic coelom

38
Q

How many pairs of somites form in the paraxial mesoderm

A

43

39
Q

Cause of congenital disease

A 
Congenital Rubella
Thalidomide
Unknown
Environmental
Genetic
40
Q

Diagnosis of Prenatal malformation

A

Blood- AFP
Ultrasound
Invasive tests- chorionic villus sampling anf aminocentesis

41
Q

Diagnosis of Postnatal

A

Hip stability
Testes
Fingers and toes
Hearing

42
Q

Where does the primitive gut arise from

A

Endoderm

43
Q

Where does the trachea and lungs arise from

A

Ventral wall of Foregut

44
Q

When does the development of the trachea and lungs occur

A

4 weeks gestation

45
Q

How is the pleural space formed

A

The diverticulum (outgrowth) becomes covered in mesoderm and the lobes push the mesoderm to created the parietal and visceral pleura

46
Q

What develops between the oesophagus and trachea to separate them

A

Oesophagotracheal septum

47
Q

What is a Fistula

A

an abnormal or surgically made passage between a tubular organ and the body surface or between 2 hollow or tubular organs

48
Q

What is an Atreia

A

A condition in which a orifice or passage in the body is closed or absent abnormally

49
Q

What develops from the splanchnic mesoderm

A

Visceral Pleura

50
Q

What develops from the somatic mesoderm

A

Parietal Pleura

51
Q

What is the gap between parietal and visceral called and what does it eventually become

A

Pleuroperitoneal canals and pleural cavities

52
Q

What forms to separate pleural cavities from pericardial cavities

A

Pleuropericardial folds

53
Q

What are examples of cogenital conditions that affect the lungs

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Accessory Lobes
Agenesis of Lung

54
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant and how is it produced

A

produced by type 2 pneumocytes and counteracts surface tension at air-alveolar interface

55
Q

Lobe of azygous vein

A

This is when the azygous vein penetrates the lung lobe to form an extra lobe called the azygous lobe

56
Q

Agenesis of lung

A

When the lung does not form properly or not at all and can cause the trachea to get pulled to the side of non-development

57
Q

What does the Septum Transversum become

A

Central Tendon

58
Q

What does the pleuroperitoneal membranes become

A

Primitive diaphragm (muscular)

59
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery of the Oesophagus become

A

median portion and Crura of Diaphragm

60
Q

Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls becomes the

A

Peripheral parts of the diaphragm (muscular)

61
Q

Congenital Abnormalities in the Diaphragm

A

Hernia

Pulmonary Hypoplasia

62
Q

Types of hernias

A

Postlateral (Bochdalek) -D
Anterior (Morgagni)- D
Central- D
Hiatal

63
Q

Types of Hiatal hernias

A

Sliding

Paraoesophageal (rolling)

Respiratory System (30 decks)

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