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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology

A

Studies the prenatal development of gametes, fertilisation and development of embryos and foetuses

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2
Q

Male Gametes

A

Spermatogonium

Meiosis forms 2 sperms 22+X or 22+Y

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3
Q

Female Gametes

A

Oogenesis

Meiosis forms 1 Ovum (23+ X and 4 polar bodies)

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4
Q

Process of fertilisation

A

Several sperm surround the ovum, only one penetrates

Pronucleus of sperm enters and fuses with pronucleus of ovum to produce a diploid cerll caled zygote

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5
Q

After week 1 the zygote divides to become a

A

Blastocyst

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6
Q

Zygote develops into

A

Morula (solid ball of cells)

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7
Q

Morula develops into a

A

Blastocyst

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8
Q

Why does a morula develop into a blastocyst

A

As the number and size of cells increase, getting nutrition to the central core of cells becomes difficult

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9
Q

What is the outer lining of the blastocyst called

A

Trophoblast

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10
Q

Features of blastocyst

A

Inner cell mass
Trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity

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11
Q

How long does it take for the blastocyst to form and reach the uterine cavity

A

5-6 days

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12
Q

What do the zygote/morula/blastocyst require to reach the uterine cavity

A

healthy cilliates epithelium in the fallopian tube

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13
Q

When does implantation occur

A

Day 6

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14
Q

What does the trophoblast develop into and how?

A

Divides into 2 layers and forms the chorion which develop finger like processes called chorionic villi which form part of the placenta

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15
Q

What does the chorion secrete and how is this useful

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin which is used to detect pregnancies

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16
Q

What is the Decidua Basalis

A

Part of the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus

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17
Q

What 2 cavities form from the inner cell mass

A

Epiblast and Hypoblast (bilaminar disc)

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18
Q

What do the 2 cavities go on to form

A

Amniotic sac

Yolk Sac

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19
Q

Purpose of Placenta

A

Foetal nutrition
Transport of waste and gases
Immunity

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20
Q

What is the appearance of the foetal part of the placenta

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

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21
Q

What is the maternal part of the placenta

A

Decidua basalis of endometrium which is rough and has maternal blood vessels

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22
Q

When does the placenta mature and how much does it weigh

A

18-20 weeks

1/6th foetus

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23
Q

What is Gastrulation

A

Formation of germ layers

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24
Q

What is the primitive streak

A

dip in epiblast where cells have started to divide

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25
How are the 3 germ layers formed
The epiblast continue to proliferate and displace the hypoblast
26
What are the 3 germ layers formed from the epiblast
Ectoderm (skin,nervous system) Mesoderm (skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart blood) Endoderm (lung, liver, gut)
27
How is the Notochord formed
Some cells continue to proliferate and lose contact with the ectoderm and sink down to form a solid tube
28
What does the Notochord do to form a neurotube
Sends out signals
29
Where does the development of somites occur
Mesoderm
30
What induces the thickening of the mesoderm
neural tube
31
What are the 3 separate parts of the somite
Paraxial plate Intermediate plate Lateral plate
32
The lateral plate is divided into 2 parts which are
Somatic and Splanchnic
33
Paraxial Plate Mesoderm
Dermatome Myotome Scleratome
34
Intermediate Plate Mesoderm
Urogential system (kidney and reproductive)
35
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Body cavity and coverings
36
How many spinal nerves innervate a somite at each level
one
37
What lies between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm
Intra-embryonic coelom
38
How many pairs of somites form in the paraxial mesoderm
43
39
Cause of congenital disease
``` Congenital Rubella Thalidomide Unknown Environmental Genetic ```
40
Diagnosis of Prenatal malformation
Blood- AFP Ultrasound Invasive tests- chorionic villus sampling anf aminocentesis
41
Diagnosis of Postnatal
Hip stability Testes Fingers and toes Hearing
42
Where does the primitive gut arise from
Endoderm
43
Where does the trachea and lungs arise from
Ventral wall of Foregut
44
When does the development of the trachea and lungs occur
4 weeks gestation
45
How is the pleural space formed
The diverticulum (outgrowth) becomes covered in mesoderm and the lobes push the mesoderm to created the parietal and visceral pleura
46
What develops between the oesophagus and trachea to separate them
Oesophagotracheal septum
47
What is a Fistula
an abnormal or surgically made passage between a tubular organ and the body surface or between 2 hollow or tubular organs
48
What is an Atreia
A condition in which a orifice or passage in the body is closed or absent abnormally
49
What develops from the splanchnic mesoderm
Visceral Pleura
50
What develops from the somatic mesoderm
Parietal Pleura
51
What is the gap between parietal and visceral called and what does it eventually become
Pleuroperitoneal canals and pleural cavities
52
What forms to separate pleural cavities from pericardial cavities
Pleuropericardial folds
53
What are examples of cogenital conditions that affect the lungs
Respiratory Distress Syndrome Accessory Lobes Agenesis of Lung
54
What is the purpose of surfactant and how is it produced
produced by type 2 pneumocytes and counteracts surface tension at air-alveolar interface
55
Lobe of azygous vein
This is when the azygous vein penetrates the lung lobe to form an extra lobe called the azygous lobe
56
Agenesis of lung
When the lung does not form properly or not at all and can cause the trachea to get pulled to the side of non-development
57
What does the Septum Transversum become
Central Tendon
58
What does the pleuroperitoneal membranes become
Primitive diaphragm (muscular)
59
What does the dorsal mesentery of the Oesophagus become
median portion and Crura of Diaphragm
60
Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls becomes the
Peripheral parts of the diaphragm (muscular)
61
Congenital Abnormalities in the Diaphragm
Hernia | Pulmonary Hypoplasia
62
Types of hernias
Postlateral (Bochdalek) -D Anterior (Morgagni)- D Central- D Hiatal
63
Types of Hiatal hernias
Sliding | Paraoesophageal (rolling)

Respiratory System (30 decks)

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