Pathology of Pulmonary Infection

Question 1

Types of Microorganism Pathogenicity

Answer 1

Primary
Facultative
Opportunistic

Question 2

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (6)

Answer 2

Coryza
Sore throat syndrome
Croup
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Acute Epiglottitis

Question 3

Causes of Acute Epiglottitis

Answer 3

Haemophillus influenzae (type b)
Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci
Parainfluenza virus type 4 (very rare)

Question 4

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Answer 4

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia

Question 5

Respiratory tract defence mechanism (5)

Answer 5

Macrophage-mucocilary escalator
Alveolar macrophages
Cough reflex
General immune system
Respiratory tract secretions

Question 6

Classification of Pneumonia

Answer 6

Community
Hospital
Atypical
Aspiration
Recurrent

Question 7

Cause of community acquired pneumonia (6)

Answer 7

Strep. pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Staph. aureus
Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 8

Cause of hospital acquired pneumonia (4)

Answer 8

P aeruginosa
Staph. aureus (MRSA)
Klebsiells pneuminae
E. coli

Question 9

Causes of pneumonia in immunocompromised (3)

Answer 9

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus

Question 10

Cause of aspiration pneumonia

Answer 10

Caused by aspirating foreign objects which are usually oral or gastric contents, either while eating or reflux/vomiting

Question 11

What is the definition of recurrent pneumonia

Answer 11

3 or more episodes of pneumonia in a lifetime or more episodes within a 6 month period

Question 12

What are the different patterns of pneumonia

Answer 12

Bronchopneumonia
Segmental
Lobar
Hypostatic
Aspiration
Obstructive

Question 13

What is Bronchopneumonia (4)

Answer 13

Occurs in bronchi
Often bilateral patchy opacification
Does not reach pleural surafce
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)

Question 14

What is Segmental Pneumonia (3)

Answer 14

Consolidation of one lung segmental lobe
Post obstructive
Aspiration

Question 15

What is lobar pneumonia (5)

Answer 15

Acute inflammation of the lobes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae 
Moraxella catarrhalis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis may also cause lobar pneumonia if pulmonary tuberculosis is not treated promptly

Question 16

What is aspiration pneumonia

Answer 16

Complication of pulmonary aspiration when food, stomach acid or saliva is inhaled into the lungs

Question 17

What patients frequently encounter obstructive pneumonia

Answer 17

Patients with lung cancer

Question 18

What are the outcome/complications of Pneumonia

Answer 18

Pleurisy
Organisation:
Mass lesion
Cryptic organising pneumonia
Lung abscess (tumour, aspiration, organism, pus in blood=pyaemia)
Bronchiectasis

Question 19

What is bronchiectasis and how is it caused

Answer 19

Airways become abnormally wide which leads to a build up of excess mucous
Severe infective episode, recurrent infections, proximal bronchial obstruction

Question 20

Symptoms of Bronchiectasis

Answer 20

Cough, abundant purulent sputum, haemoptysis, coarse crackles, clubbing

Question 21

Complications of Bronchiectasis

Answer 21

Haemorrhaging

Question 22

Investigations for Bronchiectasis

Answer 22

Thin section CT/Bronchogrpahy

Question 23

Treatment for Bronchiectasis (3)

Answer 23

Postural drainage, antibiotics, surgery

Question 24

When can Aspiration occur (5)

Answer 24

Vomiting
Oesophageal lesion
Obsteric anaesthesia
Neuromuscular disorder
Sedation

Question 25

What can cause oppurtunistic infections

Answer 25

CMV
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Other fungi and yeasts

Question 26

Bloo leaving the capillary bed is _% saturated for FIO2 of only __%

Answer 26

98%

21%

Question 27

What is the most common cause og hypoxaemia

Answer 27

Low V/Q

Question 28

What is hypoxic Cor Pulmonale

Answer 28

Pulmonary vasoconstriction leads to hypertrophy of the right ventricle