pathology 8 (354-362): viral infections

Question 1

what is the acute viral infection that affects multiple organs and causes a wide range of disease, from mild, self-limited infections to severe systemic manifestations

Answer 1

measles

Question 2

what type of virus is the measles virus

Answer 2

single-stranded RNA virus of the paramyxovirus family

Question 3

what other viruses are part of the paramyxovirus family

Answer 3

measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus (cause of croup) and human metapneumovirus

Question 4

how is measles virus transmitted

Answer 4

respiratory droplets

Question 5

what are the cell surface receptors that have been identified for measles virus

Answer 5

CD46, SLAM and pectin 4

Question 6

what does CD46 do

Answer 6

complement-regulatory protein that inactivates C3 convertases

Question 7

what is CD46 expressed on

Answer 7

all nucleated cells

Question 8

what is SLAM expressed on

Answer 8

cells of the immune system

Question 9

what is pectin 4 expressed on

Answer 9

epithelial cells

Question 10

what do all the cell surface receptors that are associated with measles bind to

Answer 10

viral hemagglutinin protein

Question 11

what protects against reinfection of measles virus

Answer 11

antibody-mediated immunity

Question 12

describe the rash that occurs with measles

Answer 12

blotchy, reddish brown rash on the face, trunk and proximal extremities

Question 13

what is the name for the ulcerated mucosal lesions in the oral cavity near the opening of the stensen ducts that occur with measles

Answer 13

koplik spots

Question 14

what is mumps usually associated with

Answer 14

pain and swelling of the salivary glands

Question 15

how does mumps enter the upper respiratory tract

Answer 15

via inhalation of respiratory droplets

Question 16

where does the mumps virus replicate

Answer 16

lymphocytes

Question 17

what does mumps encephalitis cause

Answer 17

perivenous demyelination and perivascular mononuclear cuffing

Question 18

describe the genus of poliovirus

Answer 18

spherical, unencapsulated RNA virus of the enterovirus genus

Question 19

how is polio virus transmitted

Answer 19

fecal-oral route

Question 20

how does poliovirus infect human cells

Answer 20

by binding to CD155, an epithelial adhesion molecule

Question 21

where does poliovirus replicate

Answer 21

mucosa of the pharynx and gut

Question 22

describe the genus of west nile virus

Answer 22

arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of the flavivirus group

Question 23

how is west nile virus transmitted

Answer 23

by mosquitoes to birds and to mammals

Question 24

what are the major reservoir for west nile virus

Answer 24

birds

Question 25

where does west nile virus replicate after inoculation by mosquito

Answer 25

in skin dendritic cells

Question 26

how is the diagnosis of west nile virus usually made

Answer 26

by serology, but viral culture and PCR-based tests are also used

Question 27

what occurs (symptoms) due to viral hemorrhagic fever

Answer 27

vascular dysregulation and damage, leading to shock

Question 28

what type of viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever

Answer 28

enveloped RNA viruses

Question 29

define latency

Answer 29

persistence of viral genomes in cells that do not produce infectious virus

Question 30

what type of viruses are herpesviruses

Answer 30

large encapsulated viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes

Question 31

what viruses are part of the HSV alpha group

Answer 31

HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV

Question 32

what do group alpha HSC viruses infect

Answer 32

epithelial cells and produce latent infections in neurons

Question 33

what viruses are part of beta group HSV

Answer 33

CMV, human herpesvirus-6 and human herpesvirus-7

Question 34

what viruses are part of gamma group HSV

Answer 34

EBV and KSHV/HHV-8

Question 35

where do gamma group HSVs primary produce latent infection

Answer 35

lymphoid cells

Question 36

what is the major cause infectious cause of corneal blindness in the USA

Answer 36

HSV-1

Question 37

what is the major cause of fatal sporadic encephalitis in the USA

Answer 37

HSV-1

Question 38

what does acute infection with VZV cause

Answer 38

chickenpox

Question 39

what does reactivation of latent VZV cause

Answer 39

shingles

Question 40

where does VZV form its latent infection

Answer 40

sensory ganglia

Question 41

how long after respiratory infection does chickenpox rash occur

Answer 41

2 weeks

Question 42

what does EBV cause

Answer 42

infectious mononucleosis

Question 43

what is the main reservoir for infection with EBV

Answer 43

B cells