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LECOM PBL spring 2017 > neuroanatomy chapter 4 > Flashcards

neuroanatomy chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the axial slices in MRI scans

A

true horizontal slices

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2
Q

what should be included on all CT and MRI films so that the exact angle of scanning can be documented

A

scout images (localizer images)

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3
Q

what do CT scans measure

A

density of tissue

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4
Q

what color do bones appear in CT scans

A

white

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5
Q

what color does air appear in CT scans

A

black

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6
Q

what color is CSF in CT scans

A

dark gray

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7
Q

what color is fat in CT scans

A

nearly black

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8
Q

how do fresh in cranial hemorrhages show up on CT scnas

A

coagulate nearly immediately and therefore show up as hyper dense areas relative to the brain

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9
Q

what is the term for anything that distorts the brain’s usual anatomy by displacement

A

mass effect

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10
Q

what does the contrast material contain for CT scans

A

iodine

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11
Q

what is the imaging method of choice for detecting low-contrast or small lesions

A

MRI

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12
Q

are bone and fresh hemorrhage imaged better with CT or MRI

A

CT

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13
Q

what is the preferred technique for patients with head trauma or suspected intracranial hemorrhage

A

CT

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14
Q

what axis does T1 relaxation occur

A

along the z-axis parallel to the magnetic field

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15
Q

what does T1 relaxation depend on

A

net direction of spins (parallel or anti-parallel

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16
Q

what plane does T2 relaxation occur

A

X-Y plane perpendicular to the magnetic field

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17
Q

what does the T2 relaxation depend on

A

net coherence of precessions

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18
Q

what color is white and gray matter in T1

A

gray is gray and white is white (opposite for T2)

19
Q

describe water and fat in T1

A

water is dark and fat is bright

20
Q

describe water and fat in T2

A

water is bright and fat is dark

21
Q

describe FLAIR imaging

A

produces scans that appear similar to T2-weighted images but with dark CSF

22
Q

what imaging uses rapid image acquisition with strong gradients to measure the diffusion of water protons in brain tissue

A

DWI

23
Q

what imaging technique can detect cellular changes associated with acute ischemic stroke within 30 minutes of onset

A

DWI

24
Q

what color is acute ischemic stroke on DWI

A

bright

25
Q

what color is acute ischemic stroke on ADC

A

dark

26
Q

what paramagnetic substance is used for intravenous contrast with MRI

A

gadolinium

27
Q

what occurs as a result of protons moving rapidly into or out of the area being imaged

A

flow artifact

28
Q

what does subacute hemorrhage contain that causes it to appear white

A

methemoglobin

29
Q

what does chronic hemorrhage contain to cause it to appear dark

A

hemosiderin

30
Q

what does magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measure

A

brain neurotransmitters and other biochemicals

31
Q

what does diffuse tensor imaging (DTI) allow for

A

sensitive assessment of white matter pathways based on water diffusion constrained by axon fibers

32
Q

what is neuroangiography mainly used for now that CT and MRI are widely available

A

visualize lesions of the blood vessels themselves

33
Q

what can doppler ultrasound be used for

A

to measure flow and lumen diameter of large blood vessels in the head and neck

34
Q

what is doppler ultrasound most useful for assessing

A

proximal portions of the internal carotid

35
Q

what is transcranial doppler most often used for

A

ICU to detect vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage

36
Q

what is MRI mainly used for

A

to detect regions of decreased or absent arterial blood flow caused by atherosclerotic narrowing, thrombosis, or dissection

37
Q

what can venous flow be visualized by using

A

magnetic resonance venography (MRV)

38
Q

what is the wada test used for

A

to help localize the side of language and memory function

39
Q

what was the original method for measuring brain activity

A

EEG

40
Q

what is brain metabolism most often evaluated by

A

FDG-PET

41
Q

what is used to map local brain consumption of glucose

A

FDG-PET

42
Q

what are used to generate a map of regional cerebral blood flow at rest

A

SPECT

43
Q

what is lctal SPECT used for

A

to help localize the region of seizure onset by measuring cerebral blood flow to indirectly map local electrical brain activity during seizures

LECOM PBL spring 2017 (16 decks)

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