pathology 1263-1271 (cerebrovascular disease)

Question 1

what is the 3rd leading cause of death in the USA

Answer 1

cerebrovascular disease

Question 2

how much of the body’s resting cardiac output does the brain receive

Answer 2

15%

Question 3

how much of the body’s resting oxygen consumption does the brain have

Answer 3

20%

Question 4

when does global cerebral ischemia occur

Answer 4

when there is a generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion

Question 5

what are the most sensitive CNS cells to ischemia

Answer 5

neurons

Question 6

what area in cerebral hemispheres is most at risk for watershed infarcts

Answer 6

the border zone between the anterior and the middle cerebral artery distributions

Question 7

what are the subacute changes (24hours to 2 weeks) after global ischemia

Answer 7

tissue necrosis, influx of macrophages, vascular proliferation and reactive gloss

Question 8

what are the early changes (12 to 24 hours) after global ischemia

Answer 8

micro vacuolization, followed by eosinophilia of the neuronal cytoplasm, and later nuclear pyknosis and karyorrhexis

Question 9

what are the most common culprits of brain enbolisms

Answer 9

cardiac mural thrombi

Question 10

what are thrombotic occlusions of the brain most commonly associated with

Answer 10

atherosclerosis and plaque rupture

Question 11

what is the term for development of single or multiple, small cavitary infarcts due to CNS arterial lesions

Answer 11

lacunes

Question 12

what is hypertensive encephalopathy characterized by

Answer 12

diffuse cerebral dysfunction, including headaches, confusion, vomiting, and convulsions, sometimes leading to coma

Question 13

what is it called when hypertensive encephalopathy preferentially involves large areas of the subcortical white matter with myelin and axon loss

Answer 13

binswanger disease

Question 14

what is the risk factor most commonly associated with deep brain parenchymal hemorrhages

Answer 14

hypertension

Question 15

where do most hypertensive intraparnchymal hemorrhages arise

Answer 15

in the putamen

Question 16

what is the risk factor most commonly associated with lobar hemorrhages

Answer 16

cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)

Question 17

what is CADASIL caused by

Answer 17

autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene

Question 18

where is NOTCH3 preferentially expressed

Answer 18

vascular smooth muscle

Question 19

what is the most frequent cause of clinically significant subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 19

saccular (ferry) aneurysm in a cerebral artery

Question 20

what is a venue angiomatous malformation of the spinal cord and overlying meninges, most often in the lumbosacral region, associated with ischemic injury to the spinal cord and slowly progressive neurologic symptoms

Answer 20

foix-alajouanina disease (angiodysgenetic necrotizing myelopathy)

Question 21

what is the most common site of arteriovenous malformations

Answer 21

territory of the middle cerebral artery, particular its posterior branches