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LECOM PBL spring 2017 > neuroanatomy chapter 2 > Flashcards

neuroanatomy chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the telencephalon include

A

cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei

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2
Q

what does the diencephalon include

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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3
Q

what does the mesencephalon include

A

cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

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4
Q

what does the metencephalon include

A

pons, cerebellum

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5
Q

what does the myelencephalon include

A

medulla

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6
Q

where is CSF mainly formed

A

choroid plexus

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7
Q

what are the basic units of signaling in the nervous system

A

neurons

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8
Q

where does communication between neurons take place

A

synapses

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9
Q

what are the myelin forming cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

what are the myelin forming cells in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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11
Q

what are the 2 general types of functions of chemical NT

A

mediate rapid communication between neurons through electrical events and neuromodulation

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12
Q

what is the receptor subtype for glutamate

A

AMPA/kainate, NMDA, metabotropic

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13
Q

where is gray and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres

A

gray is outside and white is inside

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14
Q

where is gray and white matter in the spinal cord

A

white is outside and gray is inside

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15
Q

what is a white matter pathway that connects structures on the right and left sides of the CNS

A

commissure

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16
Q

infoldings/crevices of the cerebral cortex

A

sulci

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17
Q

bumps/ridges that rise up between sulci

A

gyri

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18
Q

where do the frontal lobes extend back to

A

central sulcus of rolando

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19
Q

where is the insular cortex located

A

lies buried within the depths of the sylvian fissure

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20
Q

what are the lips of the frontal and parietal cortex that cover the insula

A

operculum

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21
Q

what connects the homologous and heterologous areas in the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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22
Q

what is the frontal lobe bounded posteriorly by

A

central sulcus

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23
Q

what is the most anterior part of the parietal lobe

A

post central gyrus

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24
Q

what does the inferior parietal lobule consist of

A

supra marginal glares and angular gyrus

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25
Q

what does the supra marginal gyrus surround

A

the end of the sylvan fissure

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26
Q

what does the angular gyrus surround

A

the end of the superior temporal sulcus

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27
Q

what does the cingulate gyrus surround

A

the corpus callosum

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28
Q

what is the portion of the medial occipital lobe below the calcarine fissure

A

lingula

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29
Q

what is the portion of the of the occipital lobe above the calcarine fissure

A

cuneus

30
Q

what does the olfactory sulcus separate

A

the orbital frontal gyri from the gyrus rectus

31
Q

what does the collateral sulcus continue as anteriorly

A

rhinal sulcus

32
Q

what does the collateral sulcus separate

A

the fusiform gyro from the parahippocampal gyrus

33
Q

where does the primary motor cortex lie

A

in the pre central gyrus in the frontal lobe

34
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located

A

in the occipital lobes along the calcarine fissure

35
Q

what is the primary auditory cortex composed of

A

traverse gyri of heschl

36
Q

where the 2 fingerlike gyri that lie inside the sylvian fissure on the superior surface of each temporal lobe

A

transfers gyri of heschl

37
Q

what is the first cell layer of the neocortex and its main connections

A

molecular layer; dendrites and axons from other layers

38
Q

what is the 2nd layer of the neocortex and its main connections

A

small pyramidal layer; cortical-cortical connections

39
Q

what is the 3rd layer of the neocortex and its main connections

A

medium pyramidal layer; cortical-cortical connections

40
Q

what is the 4th layer of the neocortex and its main connections

A

granular layer; receives input from thalamus

41
Q

what is the 5th layer of the neocortex and its main connections

A

large pyramidal layer; sends output to subcortical structures

42
Q

what is the 6th layer of the neocortex and its main connections

A

polymorphic layer; sends outputs to thalamus

43
Q

what is the most important motor pathway in humans

A

corticospinal tract

44
Q

where does the corticospinal tract mainly begin

A

primary motor cortex

45
Q

what is another name for the corticospinal tract

A

pyramidal tract

46
Q

where does the pyramidal decussation occur

A

at the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord

47
Q

what doe lesions above the pyramidal decussation result in

A

contralateral weakness with respect to the lesion

48
Q

what do lesions in the cerebellum lead to

A

ataxia

49
Q

what do lesions in the basal ganglia cause

A

hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders

50
Q

what is the conscious perception of touch, pain, temperature, vibration and proprioception

A

somatic sensation

51
Q

what does the posterior column pathways convey

A

proprioception, vibration sense, and fine, discriminative touch

52
Q

what does the anterior column pathways convey

A

pain, temperature sense, and crude touch

53
Q

where are the primary sensory neuron cell bodies located

A

outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia

54
Q

where does the posterior column pathway neurons first enter the spinal cord

A

via dorsal roots and then the ipsilateral white matter dorsal column ascends all the way to the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla

55
Q

where do the posterior column pathway neurons make synapses onto the secondary sensory neurons

A

medulla

56
Q

where do the posterior column pathway neurons synapse on the contralateral side

A

thalamus

57
Q

where do the axons of the anterolateral pathway make their first synapses

A

immediately in the gray matter of the spinal cord

58
Q

what does the muscle spindle do

A

detect the amount and rate of stretch in muscles

59
Q

what region of the brainstem contains many of the nuclei

A

reticular formation

60
Q

what does the more caudal portion of the brian stem tend to be mainly involved in

A

motor and autonomic functions

61
Q

what is the rostral reticular formation in the upper pons and midbrain playing a major part in regulating

A

level of consciousness

62
Q

what is the paired, arch-shaped white matter structure that connects the hippocampal formation to the hypothalamus and septal nuclei

A

fornix

63
Q

what lobe is likely damaged with gerstmann’s syndrome

A

parietal

64
Q

what hemisphere is likely damaged if there is hemineglect

A

parietal lobe

65
Q

what is the term for the unawareness of a deficit

A

anosognosia

66
Q

lesions in what lobe are most associated with gait disturbance

A

frontal lobe

67
Q

what is the term for the inability to recognize faces

A

prosopagnosia

68
Q

what is the term for the inability to recognize colors

A

achromatopsia

69
Q

what is the term for the persistence or reappearance of an object viewed earlier

A

palinopsia

70
Q

what arteries form the anterior blood supply

A

internal carotid arteries

71
Q

what arteries supply the posterior blood supply

A

vertebral arteries that join together in a single bacillary artery

72
Q

what is venous drainage of the brain provided almost entirely by

A

IJV

LECOM PBL spring 2017 (16 decks)

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