neuroanatomy chapter 2

Question 1

what does the telencephalon include

Answer 1

cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei

Question 2

what does the diencephalon include

Answer 2

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 3

what does the mesencephalon include

Answer 3

cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

Question 4

what does the metencephalon include

Answer 4

pons, cerebellum

Question 5

what does the myelencephalon include

Answer 5

medulla

Question 6

where is CSF mainly formed

Answer 6

choroid plexus

Question 7

what are the basic units of signaling in the nervous system

Answer 7

neurons

Question 8

where does communication between neurons take place

Answer 8

synapses

Question 9

what are the myelin forming cells in the CNS

Answer 9

oligodendrocytes

Question 10

what are the myelin forming cells in the PNS

Answer 10

schwann cells

Question 11

what are the 2 general types of functions of chemical NT

Answer 11

mediate rapid communication between neurons through electrical events and neuromodulation

Question 12

what is the receptor subtype for glutamate

Answer 12

AMPA/kainate, NMDA, metabotropic

Question 13

where is gray and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 13

gray is outside and white is inside

Question 14

where is gray and white matter in the spinal cord

Answer 14

white is outside and gray is inside

Question 15

what is a white matter pathway that connects structures on the right and left sides of the CNS

Answer 15

commissure

Question 16

infoldings/crevices of the cerebral cortex

Answer 16

sulci

Question 17

bumps/ridges that rise up between sulci

Answer 17

gyri

Question 18

where do the frontal lobes extend back to

Answer 18

central sulcus of rolando

Question 19

where is the insular cortex located

Answer 19

lies buried within the depths of the sylvian fissure

Question 20

what are the lips of the frontal and parietal cortex that cover the insula

Answer 20

operculum

Question 21

what connects the homologous and heterologous areas in the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Answer 21

corpus callosum

Question 22

what is the frontal lobe bounded posteriorly by

Answer 22

central sulcus

Question 23

what is the most anterior part of the parietal lobe

Answer 23

post central gyrus

Question 24

what does the inferior parietal lobule consist of

Answer 24

supra marginal glares and angular gyrus

Question 25

what does the supra marginal gyrus surround

Answer 25

the end of the sylvan fissure

Question 26

what does the angular gyrus surround

Answer 26

the end of the superior temporal sulcus

Question 27

what does the cingulate gyrus surround

Answer 27

the corpus callosum

Question 28

what is the portion of the medial occipital lobe below the calcarine fissure

Answer 28

lingula

Question 29

what is the portion of the of the occipital lobe above the calcarine fissure

Answer 29

cuneus

Question 30

what does the olfactory sulcus separate

Answer 30

the orbital frontal gyri from the gyrus rectus

Question 31

what does the collateral sulcus continue as anteriorly

Answer 31

rhinal sulcus

Question 32

what does the collateral sulcus separate

Answer 32

the fusiform gyro from the parahippocampal gyrus

Question 33

where does the primary motor cortex lie

Answer 33

in the pre central gyrus in the frontal lobe

Question 34

where is the primary visual cortex located

Answer 34

in the occipital lobes along the calcarine fissure

Question 35

what is the primary auditory cortex composed of

Answer 35

traverse gyri of heschl

Question 36

where the 2 fingerlike gyri that lie inside the sylvian fissure on the superior surface of each temporal lobe

Answer 36

transfers gyri of heschl

Question 37

what is the first cell layer of the neocortex and its main connections

Answer 37

molecular layer; dendrites and axons from other layers

Question 38

what is the 2nd layer of the neocortex and its main connections

Answer 38

small pyramidal layer; cortical-cortical connections

Question 39

what is the 3rd layer of the neocortex and its main connections

Answer 39

medium pyramidal layer; cortical-cortical connections

Question 40

what is the 4th layer of the neocortex and its main connections

Answer 40

granular layer; receives input from thalamus

Question 41

what is the 5th layer of the neocortex and its main connections

Answer 41

large pyramidal layer; sends output to subcortical structures

Question 42

what is the 6th layer of the neocortex and its main connections

Answer 42

polymorphic layer; sends outputs to thalamus

Question 43

what is the most important motor pathway in humans

Answer 43

corticospinal tract

Question 44

where does the corticospinal tract mainly begin

Answer 44

primary motor cortex

Question 45

what is another name for the corticospinal tract

Answer 45

pyramidal tract

Question 46

where does the pyramidal decussation occur

Answer 46

at the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord

Question 47

what doe lesions above the pyramidal decussation result in

Answer 47

contralateral weakness with respect to the lesion

Question 48

what do lesions in the cerebellum lead to

Answer 48

ataxia

Question 49

what do lesions in the basal ganglia cause

Answer 49

hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders

Question 50

what is the conscious perception of touch, pain, temperature, vibration and proprioception

Answer 50

somatic sensation

Question 51

what does the posterior column pathways convey

Answer 51

proprioception, vibration sense, and fine, discriminative touch

Question 52

what does the anterior column pathways convey

Answer 52

pain, temperature sense, and crude touch

Question 53

where are the primary sensory neuron cell bodies located

Answer 53

outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia

Question 54

where does the posterior column pathway neurons first enter the spinal cord

Answer 54

via dorsal roots and then the ipsilateral white matter dorsal column ascends all the way to the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla

Question 55

where do the posterior column pathway neurons make synapses onto the secondary sensory neurons

Answer 55

medulla

Question 56

where do the posterior column pathway neurons synapse on the contralateral side

Answer 56

thalamus

Question 57

where do the axons of the anterolateral pathway make their first synapses

Answer 57

immediately in the gray matter of the spinal cord

Question 58

what does the muscle spindle do

Answer 58

detect the amount and rate of stretch in muscles

Question 59

what region of the brainstem contains many of the nuclei

Answer 59

reticular formation

Question 60

what does the more caudal portion of the brian stem tend to be mainly involved in

Answer 60

motor and autonomic functions

Question 61

what is the rostral reticular formation in the upper pons and midbrain playing a major part in regulating

Answer 61

level of consciousness

Question 62

what is the paired, arch-shaped white matter structure that connects the hippocampal formation to the hypothalamus and septal nuclei

Answer 62

fornix

Question 63

what lobe is likely damaged with gerstmann's syndrome

Answer 63

parietal

Question 64

what hemisphere is likely damaged if there is hemineglect

Answer 64

parietal lobe

Question 65

what is the term for the unawareness of a deficit

Answer 65

anosognosia

Question 66

lesions in what lobe are most associated with gait disturbance

Answer 66

frontal lobe

Question 67

what is the term for the inability to recognize faces

Answer 67

prosopagnosia

Question 68

what is the term for the inability to recognize colors

Answer 68

achromatopsia

Question 69

what is the term for the persistence or reappearance of an object viewed earlier

Answer 69

palinopsia

Question 70

what arteries form the anterior blood supply

Answer 70

internal carotid arteries

Question 71

what arteries supply the posterior blood supply

Answer 71

vertebral arteries that join together in a single bacillary artery

Question 72

what is venous drainage of the brain provided almost entirely by

Answer 72

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