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LECOM PBL spring 2017 > histo chapter 12 > Flashcards

histo chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the principle types of cells in nerve tissue

A

neurons and supporting cells

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3
Q

what is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron or nerve cell

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4
Q

specialized contacts between neurons that provide for transmission of information from one neuron to the net

A

synapses

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

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6
Q

what part of the nervous system regulates the function of internal organs

A

autonomic part of the nervous system

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7
Q

what do somatic afferent fibers convey

A

sensations of pain, temperature, touch and pressure from the body surface

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8
Q

what do somatic efferent neurons send

A

voluntary impulses to skeletal muscles

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9
Q

what do visceral efferent neurons transmit

A

involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac conducting cells and glands

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10
Q

what is another name for cardiac conducting cells

A

purkinje fibers

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11
Q

what is the conducting portion of the cell

A

axon

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12
Q

what constitute most of the multipolar neurons in the nervous system

A

motor neurons and interneurons

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13
Q

what are bipolar neurons most often associated with

A

the receptors for the special senses

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14
Q

what does the cell body of a neuron have characteristics of

A

a protein-producing cell

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15
Q

describe nissl bodies

A

small bodies on ribosomes that stain intensely with basic dyes and metachomatically with thinning dyes

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16
Q

what is the process where newly synthesized protein molecules are transported to distant locations within a neuron

A

axonal transport

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17
Q

what protein is used to identify neural stem cells

A

nesting

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18
Q

what are effector processes that transmit stimuli to other neurons or effector cells

A

axons

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19
Q

how many axons does one neuron have

A

one

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20
Q

what are the axons that originate from neurons in the motor nuclei of the CNS

A

golgi type 1 neurons

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21
Q

what is another name for the interneurons of the CNS

A

golgi type 2 neurons

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22
Q

what does the axon originate from

A

axon

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23
Q

what is the region of the axon between the apex of the axon hillock and the beginning of the myelin sheath

A

initial segment

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24
Q

what is parkinson disease

A

slowly progressive neurologic disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-secreting cells in the substantial nigra and basal ganglia of the brain

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25
what are accumulations of intermediate neurofilaments in association with proteins alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin
lewy bodies
26
where are ribbon synapses found
receptor hair cells of the internal ear and photoreceptor cells of the retina
27
what does a typical chemical synapse contain
presynaptic element, synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane
28
what are active zones rich in
rab-GTPase docking complexes, t-SNARES, ans synaptotagmin binding proteins
29
what in the presynaptic membrane regulates transmitter release
voltage-gated Calcium channels
30
what is the process when vesicles anchored at the active zone release neurotransmitters through a transient pore connecting the lumen of the vesicle with the synaptic cleft
porocytosis
31
what are the excitatory neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, glutamine and serotonin
32
what are the inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA or glycine
33
what do inotropic receptors do
open membrane ion channels
34
what do metabotropic receptors do
activate G-protein signaling cascade
35
what does curare do
binds to nicotinic ACh receptors blocking their integral Na+ channels and causing muscle paralysis
36
what does atropine do
an alkaloid extracted from the belladonna plant, blocks the action of muscarinic ACh receptor
37
what does cocaine do
blocks catecholamine reuptake and prolong the actions of NT on the postsynaptic neurons
38
what is the microtubule-associated motor protein with anterograde transport
kinesin
39
what is the microtubule-associated motor protein with retrograde transport
dynein
40
what are terminal neuroglia (teloglia) of the PNS associated with
motor end plate
41
where are muller's cells located (part of PNS)
retina
42
what transcription factor is needed for the differentiation of schwann cells
SOX-10
43
compaction of the myelin sheath in the PNS is associated with what protein expression
p0, PMP22, MBP
44
what mutation in human genes is thought to produce unstable myelin in the PNS
demyelinating diseases
45
what is the myelin sheath thickness in PNS regulated by
neuregulin (Nrg1)
46
does gullain-barre syndrome occur in the PNS or CNS
PNS
47
does MS occur in the CNS or PNS
CNS
48
what are the cells that surround the neuronal cells bodies of ganglia
satellite cells
49
what is the shape of satellite cells surrounding ganglia
small cuboidal
50
what cells in the enteric division of the ANS are morphologically and functionally similar to astrocytes in then CNS
enteric neuroglial cells
51
what are the morphologically heterogenous cells that provide physical and metabolic support for neurons of the CNS
astrocytes
52
what are the small cells that are active in the formation and maintenance of myelin in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
53
what are the inconspicuous cels with small, dark, elongated nuclei that possess phagocytic properties of the CNS
microglia
54
what are the columnar cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
ependymal cells
55
what cells serve as the physical scaffolding that directs the migration of neurons to their appropriate position in the brain
radial glial cells
56
what are the largest of the neuroglial cells
astrocytes
57
where are protoplasmic astrocytes most prevalent
outermost covering of the brain (gray matter)
58
where are fibrous astrocytes most common
in the inner core of the brain (white matter)
59
what are the prominent bundles of intermediate filaments of astrocytes composed of
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
60
what type of tumors account for the majority (80%) of adult primary brain tumors
fibrous astrocytomas
61
how are fibrous astrocytomas identified microscopically
GFAP specificity
62
what do the protoplasmic astrocytes on the brain and spinal cord surfaces extend their processes to the basal lamina of the pia matter to form
glial limitans
63
define the glial limitans
a relatively impermeable barrier surrounding the CNS
64
how do astrocytes modulate neuronal activities
buffering the K+ concentration in the extracellular space of the brain
65
what does accumulation of large amounts of intracellular potassium in astrocytes lead to
decreases local extracellular K+ gradients
66
what is the term for the maintenance of the K+ concentration in the brain's extracellular space by astrocytes
potassium spatial buffering
67
what does the myelin sheath of the CNS express
PLP, MOG, and OMgp
68
compare the number of schmidt-lanterman clefts in the CNS vs PNS
PNS has more than CNS
69
what cells form the epithelial-like lining of the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cells
70
what makes ependymal cells different than a typical epithelium
lacks an external lamina
71
where are tanycytes most numerous
floor of the third ventricle
72
what concentration are tanycytes sensitive to
glucose concentration
73
what are CNS neurons and central glia (except microglial cells) derived from
neuroectodermal cells of the neural tube
74
what are microglial cells derived from
GMP cells in the bone marrow
75
what class of intermediate filaments do microglial possess
vimentin
76
what are PNS ganglion cells and peripheral glial derived from
neural crest
77
what signal is required for the generation of all peripheral glia from neural crest cells
SOX-10
78
what happens to schwann cells that associate with the large-diameter axons
mature into myelinating schwann cells
79
what happens to schwann cells that associate with small-diameter axons
mature into non-myelinating cells
80
where are the cell bodies of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle (somatic efferents) located
in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord
81
what type of tissue is in the epineurium
dense irregular connective tissue
82
what are the connective tissue cells normally found within the endoneurium
mast cells, macrophages, and occasional fibroblasts
83
what shape are the cells that compose the perineurium
squamous
84
where are afferent receptors located
distal tips of the peripheral processes of sensory neurons
85
what is the simplest afferent (sensory) receptor
non encapsulated (free) nerve endings
86
what does the ANS control and regulate
body's internal environment
87
what does the cerebral cortex contain
nerve cell bodies, axons, dendrites, and central glial cells
88
what is the site of synapses in the brain
cerebral cortex
89
what is the term for the meshwork of axonal, dendritic, and glial processes associated with the gray matter
neuropil
90
where do synapses of the CNS in the spinal cord occur
only in gray matter
91
what do the dural venous sinuses receive blood from
principal cerebral veins
92
what cannot cross through the BBB based on molecular weight
anything greater than 500 Da
93
what are the circumventricular rogans
pineal gland, median eminence, subfornical organ, area postrema, subcommissural organ, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals, and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
94
what is the term for the degeneration of an axon distal to a site of injury
anterograde (wallerian) degeneration
95
what are the most important cells in clearing myelin debris from the site of nerve injury
monocyte-derived macrophages
96
what is the term for retrograde degeneration that occurs in the proximal axon
traumatic degeneration
97
what gene is unregulated when axonal injury occurs that initiates retrograde signaling
c-jun
98
what is the process where nissl bodies disappear from the center of the neuron and move to the periphery of the neuron
chromatolysis
99
what is the term for when proliferating schwann cells organize themselves into cellular bands resembling longitudinal columns during regeneration
bands of bungler
100
how does traumatic neuroma usually appear clinically
a a freely movable nodule at the taste of nerve injury and is characterized by pain, particularly on palpation

LECOM PBL spring 2017 (16 decks)

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