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LECOM PBL spring 2017 > histo chapter 12 > Flashcards

histo chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the principle types of cells in nerve tissue

A

neurons and supporting cells

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3
Q

what is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron or nerve cell

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4
Q

specialized contacts between neurons that provide for transmission of information from one neuron to the net

A

synapses

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

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6
Q

what part of the nervous system regulates the function of internal organs

A

autonomic part of the nervous system

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7
Q

what do somatic afferent fibers convey

A

sensations of pain, temperature, touch and pressure from the body surface

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8
Q

what do somatic efferent neurons send

A

voluntary impulses to skeletal muscles

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9
Q

what do visceral efferent neurons transmit

A

involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac conducting cells and glands

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10
Q

what is another name for cardiac conducting cells

A

purkinje fibers

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11
Q

what is the conducting portion of the cell

A

axon

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12
Q

what constitute most of the multipolar neurons in the nervous system

A

motor neurons and interneurons

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13
Q

what are bipolar neurons most often associated with

A

the receptors for the special senses

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14
Q

what does the cell body of a neuron have characteristics of

A

a protein-producing cell

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15
Q

describe nissl bodies

A

small bodies on ribosomes that stain intensely with basic dyes and metachomatically with thinning dyes

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16
Q

what is the process where newly synthesized protein molecules are transported to distant locations within a neuron

A

axonal transport

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17
Q

what protein is used to identify neural stem cells

A

nesting

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18
Q

what are effector processes that transmit stimuli to other neurons or effector cells

A

axons

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19
Q

how many axons does one neuron have

A

one

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20
Q

what are the axons that originate from neurons in the motor nuclei of the CNS

A

golgi type 1 neurons

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21
Q

what is another name for the interneurons of the CNS

A

golgi type 2 neurons

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22
Q

what does the axon originate from

A

axon

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23
Q

what is the region of the axon between the apex of the axon hillock and the beginning of the myelin sheath

A

initial segment

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24
Q

what is parkinson disease

A

slowly progressive neurologic disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-secreting cells in the substantial nigra and basal ganglia of the brain

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25
Q

what are accumulations of intermediate neurofilaments in association with proteins alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin

A

lewy bodies

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26
Q

where are ribbon synapses found

A

receptor hair cells of the internal ear and photoreceptor cells of the retina

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27
Q

what does a typical chemical synapse contain

A

presynaptic element, synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane

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28
Q

what are active zones rich in

A

rab-GTPase docking complexes, t-SNARES, ans synaptotagmin binding proteins

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29
Q

what in the presynaptic membrane regulates transmitter release

A

voltage-gated Calcium channels

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30
Q

what is the process when vesicles anchored at the active zone release neurotransmitters through a transient pore connecting the lumen of the vesicle with the synaptic cleft

A

porocytosis

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31
Q

what are the excitatory neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, glutamine and serotonin

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32
Q

what are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA or glycine

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33
Q

what do inotropic receptors do

A

open membrane ion channels

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34
Q

what do metabotropic receptors do

A

activate G-protein signaling cascade

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35
Q

what does curare do

A

binds to nicotinic ACh receptors blocking their integral Na+ channels and causing muscle paralysis

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36
Q

what does atropine do

A

an alkaloid extracted from the belladonna plant, blocks the action of muscarinic ACh receptor

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37
Q

what does cocaine do

A

blocks catecholamine reuptake and prolong the actions of NT on the postsynaptic neurons

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38
Q

what is the microtubule-associated motor protein with anterograde transport

A

kinesin

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39
Q

what is the microtubule-associated motor protein with retrograde transport

A

dynein

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40
Q

what are terminal neuroglia (teloglia) of the PNS associated with

A

motor end plate

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41
Q

where are muller’s cells located (part of PNS)

A

retina

42
Q

what transcription factor is needed for the differentiation of schwann cells

A

SOX-10

43
Q

compaction of the myelin sheath in the PNS is associated with what protein expression

A

p0, PMP22, MBP

44
Q

what mutation in human genes is thought to produce unstable myelin in the PNS

A

demyelinating diseases

45
Q

what is the myelin sheath thickness in PNS regulated by

A

neuregulin (Nrg1)

46
Q

does gullain-barre syndrome occur in the PNS or CNS

A

PNS

47
Q

does MS occur in the CNS or PNS

A

CNS

48
Q

what are the cells that surround the neuronal cells bodies of ganglia

A

satellite cells

49
Q

what is the shape of satellite cells surrounding ganglia

A

small cuboidal

50
Q

what cells in the enteric division of the ANS are morphologically and functionally similar to astrocytes in then CNS

A

enteric neuroglial cells

51
Q

what are the morphologically heterogenous cells that provide physical and metabolic support for neurons of the CNS

A

astrocytes

52
Q

what are the small cells that are active in the formation and maintenance of myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

53
Q

what are the inconspicuous cels with small, dark, elongated nuclei that possess phagocytic properties of the CNS

A

microglia

54
Q

what are the columnar cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

55
Q

what cells serve as the physical scaffolding that directs the migration of neurons to their appropriate position in the brain

A

radial glial cells

56
Q

what are the largest of the neuroglial cells

A

astrocytes

57
Q

where are protoplasmic astrocytes most prevalent

A

outermost covering of the brain (gray matter)

58
Q

where are fibrous astrocytes most common

A

in the inner core of the brain (white matter)

59
Q

what are the prominent bundles of intermediate filaments of astrocytes composed of

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

60
Q

what type of tumors account for the majority (80%) of adult primary brain tumors

A

fibrous astrocytomas

61
Q

how are fibrous astrocytomas identified microscopically

A

GFAP specificity

62
Q

what do the protoplasmic astrocytes on the brain and spinal cord surfaces extend their processes to the basal lamina of the pia matter to form

A

glial limitans

63
Q

define the glial limitans

A

a relatively impermeable barrier surrounding the CNS

64
Q

how do astrocytes modulate neuronal activities

A

buffering the K+ concentration in the extracellular space of the brain

65
Q

what does accumulation of large amounts of intracellular potassium in astrocytes lead to

A

decreases local extracellular K+ gradients

66
Q

what is the term for the maintenance of the K+ concentration in the brain’s extracellular space by astrocytes

A

potassium spatial buffering

67
Q

what does the myelin sheath of the CNS express

A

PLP, MOG, and OMgp

68
Q

compare the number of schmidt-lanterman clefts in the CNS vs PNS

A

PNS has more than CNS

69
Q

what cells form the epithelial-like lining of the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

70
Q

what makes ependymal cells different than a typical epithelium

A

lacks an external lamina

71
Q

where are tanycytes most numerous

A

floor of the third ventricle

72
Q

what concentration are tanycytes sensitive to

A

glucose concentration

73
Q

what are CNS neurons and central glia (except microglial cells) derived from

A

neuroectodermal cells of the neural tube

74
Q

what are microglial cells derived from

A

GMP cells in the bone marrow

75
Q

what class of intermediate filaments do microglial possess

A

vimentin

76
Q

what are PNS ganglion cells and peripheral glial derived from

A

neural crest

77
Q

what signal is required for the generation of all peripheral glia from neural crest cells

A

SOX-10

78
Q

what happens to schwann cells that associate with the large-diameter axons

A

mature into myelinating schwann cells

79
Q

what happens to schwann cells that associate with small-diameter axons

A

mature into non-myelinating cells

80
Q

where are the cell bodies of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle (somatic efferents) located

A

in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord

81
Q

what type of tissue is in the epineurium

A

dense irregular connective tissue

82
Q

what are the connective tissue cells normally found within the endoneurium

A

mast cells, macrophages, and occasional fibroblasts

83
Q

what shape are the cells that compose the perineurium

A

squamous

84
Q

where are afferent receptors located

A

distal tips of the peripheral processes of sensory neurons

85
Q

what is the simplest afferent (sensory) receptor

A

non encapsulated (free) nerve endings

86
Q

what does the ANS control and regulate

A

body’s internal environment

87
Q

what does the cerebral cortex contain

A

nerve cell bodies, axons, dendrites, and central glial cells

88
Q

what is the site of synapses in the brain

A

cerebral cortex

89
Q

what is the term for the meshwork of axonal, dendritic, and glial processes associated with the gray matter

A

neuropil

90
Q

where do synapses of the CNS in the spinal cord occur

A

only in gray matter

91
Q

what do the dural venous sinuses receive blood from

A

principal cerebral veins

92
Q

what cannot cross through the BBB based on molecular weight

A

anything greater than 500 Da

93
Q

what are the circumventricular rogans

A

pineal gland, median eminence, subfornical organ, area postrema, subcommissural organ, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals, and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

94
Q

what is the term for the degeneration of an axon distal to a site of injury

A

anterograde (wallerian) degeneration

95
Q

what are the most important cells in clearing myelin debris from the site of nerve injury

A

monocyte-derived macrophages

96
Q

what is the term for retrograde degeneration that occurs in the proximal axon

A

traumatic degeneration

97
Q

what gene is unregulated when axonal injury occurs that initiates retrograde signaling

A

c-jun

98
Q

what is the process where nissl bodies disappear from the center of the neuron and move to the periphery of the neuron

A

chromatolysis

99
Q

what is the term for when proliferating schwann cells organize themselves into cellular bands resembling longitudinal columns during regeneration

A

bands of bungler

100
Q

how does traumatic neuroma usually appear clinically

A

a a freely movable nodule at the taste of nerve injury and is characterized by pain, particularly on palpation

LECOM PBL spring 2017 (16 decks)

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