Pathology Flashcards
Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR):
P glycoprotein ATP dependent efflux pump
Vast majority of head and neck cancers
Squamous cell carcinomas
Dystrophic Calcification
Hallmark of cell injury (eg. Aortic valve calcifications due to aging or damaged valves)
- Calcium buildup
Rb gene mutation
retinoblastoma & osteosarcoma
MEN1
Parathyroid, Pancreas, Pituitary
MEN 2A
medullary thyroid, pheochromo, parathyroid
MEN 2B
medullary thyroid, pheochromo, marfanoid, neuromas (mucosal)
Metalloproteinases
degrade components of the ECM and basement membrane (collagen and laminin) → allows penetration of tumor through BM → invasion
- Excess MMP activity and myofibroblast (fibroblasts with actin) accumulation in wound margins → contractures
Psammoma Bodies
- Papillary Thyroid
- Serous cystadenocarcinoma of Ovary
- Meningioma
- Mesothelioma (malignant)
Localized Amyloidosis
- Cardiac Atria: ANP Thyroid: calcitonin - Pancreatic Islets: amylin - Cerebrum/Cerebral vessels: B-amyloid - Pituitary: prolactin
Agglutinins: Cold
(IgM): mycoplasma, mono, CLL
Agglutinins: Warm
(IgG): SLE, CLL, drugs (methyldopa)
Fluid filled cavity or air-fluid line
abscess
Bcl2
antiapoptotic: inhibits APAF (an activator of caspase)
- if decreased → less caspase → tumor growth
BAX and BAK
Pro-apoptotic
FAS (CD95)
FAS (CD95) bound by fas ligand → necessary for negative selection on thymic medulla
- Defect → autoimmune disorders
Zone 3 Susceptible to:
hypoxia and toxin metabolites (near central vein)
C-kit
GIST, cytokine receptor for stem cell factor (oncogene, 1 hit)
BRAF
melanoma, serine/threonine kinase (oncogene, 1 hit)
Myc
all (n-, c-, L-) are transcription factors (oncogenes, 1 hit)
RET, BCR-abl, HER2/Neu
all are tyrosine kinase (oncogene, 1 hit)
- Ret: MEN 2A and 2B
Ras
GTPase (oncogene, 1 hit)
PGE2
raises temperature set point (fever) during inflammation
PGE2 and Bradykinin
sensitize sensory nerve endings -> pain
