Pathology

Question 1

Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR):

Answer 1

P glycoprotein ATP dependent efflux pump

Question 2

Vast majority of head and neck cancers

Answer 2

Squamous cell carcinomas

Question 3

Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 3

Hallmark of cell injury (eg. Aortic valve calcifications due to aging or damaged valves)
- Calcium buildup

Question 4

Rb gene mutation

Answer 4

retinoblastoma & osteosarcoma

Question 5

MEN1

Answer 5

Parathyroid, Pancreas, Pituitary

Question 6

MEN 2A

Answer 6

medullary thyroid, pheochromo, parathyroid

Question 7

MEN 2B

Answer 7

medullary thyroid, pheochromo, marfanoid, neuromas (mucosal)

Question 8

Metalloproteinases

Answer 8

degrade components of the ECM and basement membrane (collagen and laminin) → allows penetration of tumor through BM → invasion
- Excess MMP activity and myofibroblast (fibroblasts with actin) accumulation in wound margins → contractures

Question 9

Psammoma Bodies

Answer 9

• Papillary Thyroid
• Serous cystadenocarcinoma of Ovary
• Meningioma
• Mesothelioma (malignant)

Question 10

Localized Amyloidosis

Answer 10

- Cardiac Atria: ANP
Thyroid: calcitonin
- Pancreatic Islets: amylin
- Cerebrum/Cerebral vessels: B-amyloid
- Pituitary: prolactin

Question 11

Agglutinins: Cold

Answer 11

(IgM): mycoplasma, mono, CLL

Question 12

Agglutinins: Warm

Answer 12

(IgG): SLE, CLL, drugs (methyldopa)

Question 13

Fluid filled cavity or air-fluid line

Answer 13

abscess

Question 14

Bcl2

Answer 14

antiapoptotic: inhibits APAF (an activator of caspase)

- if decreased → less caspase → tumor growth

Question 15

BAX and BAK

Answer 15

Pro-apoptotic

Question 16

FAS (CD95)

Answer 16

FAS (CD95) bound by fas ligand → necessary for negative selection on thymic medulla
- Defect → autoimmune disorders

Question 17

Zone 3 Susceptible to:

Answer 17

hypoxia and toxin metabolites (near central vein)

Question 18

C-kit

Answer 18

GIST, cytokine receptor for stem cell factor (oncogene, 1 hit)

Question 19

BRAF

Answer 19

melanoma, serine/threonine kinase (oncogene, 1 hit)

Question 20

Myc

Answer 20

all (n-, c-, L-) are transcription factors (oncogenes, 1 hit)

Question 21

RET, BCR-abl, HER2/Neu

Answer 21

all are tyrosine kinase (oncogene, 1 hit)

- Ret: MEN 2A and 2B

Question 22

Ras

Answer 22

GTPase (oncogene, 1 hit)

Question 23

PGE2

Answer 23

raises temperature set point (fever) during inflammation

Question 24

PGE2 and Bradykinin

Answer 24

sensitize sensory nerve endings -> pain

Question 25

Vimentin

Answer 25

IF found in mesenchymal cells

Question 26

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 26

characteristic of hypoxic injury to the brain

Question 27

Tissue Ischemia (ion balance)

Answer 27

Hallmark: Ca2+ accumulation in cell
defective Na/K ATPase so:
high extracellular K+