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Quick Notes for Step 1 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Valproic Acid

A

Use for generalized epilepsy (eg. Myoclonic seizures)

- Broad-spectrum

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2
Q

Carbamazepine

A

Use for partial seizures

- Narrow-spectrum

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3
Q

Phenytoin

A

All seizures and status epilepticus (NOT absence)

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4
Q

Membrane Permeability:

A
  • Resting membrane potential:
  • Ligand gated channel permeability: Na+
  • Voltage gated channel permeability: Cl-
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5
Q

ALS compared to Polio

A

Loss of neurons in anterior horn (LMN) & atrophy of lateral corticospinal (UMN)
- Polio is only anterior horn damage

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6
Q

NE Breakdown

A

NE converted to E by methylation then E is methylated to Vanillymandelic acid (a metanephrine)

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7
Q

Autonomic postganglionic nerve:

A

Unmyelinated

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8
Q

Trigeminal Nerve Exits at _______

A

Mid-Pons

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9
Q

Facial Nucleus Located at ______

A

Caudal Pons

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10
Q

S-100+

A

Schwannoma
Melanoma
Langerhan’s Histiocytosis

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11
Q

Friedrich’s Ataxia

A

Spinocerebellar degeneration, kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

Timolol

A

Beta blocker to treat glaucoma by decreasing aqueous humor production by ciliary epithelium

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13
Q

Length Constant

A

Measure of how far along an axon an impulse can propagate

- Decreased by demyelination

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14
Q

Ring Enhancing Lesions in brain

A

Staph Abscess, Toxoplasma, or Primary CNS Lymphoma

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15
Q

Toxoplasma

A
  • from undercooked meat (or cat feces)
  • Treat toxoplasma with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
  • Congenital (torch): macrocephaly and intracranial calcifications
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16
Q

Primary CNS Lymphoma

A

multicentric ring lesions

- MC CNS tumor in immunocompromised

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17
Q

Agnosia

A
  • unable to recognize

- temporo-occipital cortex

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18
Q

Marcus-Gunn Pupil

A

swinging flashlight test, both dilate when light moved from normal to affected eye (not actually dilating, just less constricted because the affected eye can’t transmit signal as well)

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19
Q

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

A

May be caused by measles

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20
Q

Hypertensive Hemorrhage

A

(lenticulostriate aneurysms): MC in basal ganglia and internal capsule

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21
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

arcuate fasciculus (cannot repeat, but is fluent and has full comprehension)

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22
Q

Optic Neuritis aw/:

A

MS (autoimmune disorder in which CD4 T cells react against myelin via cytokines like IFN gamma)

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23
Q

Tx for Status Epilepticus

A
  • Benzodiazepines (lorazepam or diazepam) for active seizure

- Also give Phenytoin to prevent recurrence of seizures or if Benzo doesn’t work

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24
Q

Tx for Drug-induced parkinsonism

A

Benztropine and trihexyphenadyl

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25
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

Necrosis of globus pallidus and substantia nigra

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26
Q

Lumbar puncture Contraindications

A
  • High intracranial pressure

- Overlying infection

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27
Q

Oculomotor (3) Nerve Lesion

A
  • no up, down, or medial, can’t constrict pupils
  • Nerve runs between PCA and superior cerebellar arteries
  • Isolated 3rd nerve palsy → think actively enlarging intracranial aneurysm
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28
Q

Abducens (6) Nerve Lesion

A

No lateral (lateral rectus)

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29
Q

Trochlear (4) Nerve Lesion

A

No slight down and in (superior oblique)

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30
Q

HIV Encephalitis

A
  • multinucleated giant cells in microglial nodules

- w/ CD4 count

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31
Q

No Convergence w/:

A

Oculomotor (CN 3 ) palsy

but can converge w/ INO (MLF lesion)

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32
Q

Vertical Diplopia

A
  • double vision going down stairs from a trochlear nerve palsy
  • Superior oblique not working so must tilt head to see properly
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33
Q

Tongue Innervation: Motor, Sensory, Tasts

A

Motor: hypoglossal nerve (XII)
- Does all muscles except palatoglossus (done by vagus)
Anterior 2/3:
- Taste: chorda tympani of facial nerve (VII)
- Sensation: V3 branch of trigeminal
Posterior 1/3:
- Taste & Sensation: Glossopharyngeal
Most posterior aspect/epiglottis
- Taste and Sensation: Vagus

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34
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

decreased Ach levels (basal nucleus of meynert) due to deficiency of choline acetyltransferase

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35
Q

Innervation of Ear/Ear Canal

A
  • Vagus (auricular branch): posterior external auditory canal
    (May experience syncope if stimulated)
  • V2 (auriculotemporal branch): remainder of external auditory canal, external tympanic membrane
  • Glossopharyngeal IX (tympanic branch): inner surface of tympanic membrane
  • Stapedius is innervated by Facial Nerve (CN VII) which if paralyzed causes hyperacusis
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36
Q

Cochlea: High and Low Frequency Sounds

A
  • Low Freq at apex (wide and floppy) near Helicotrema

- High Freq at base (narrow and rigid) near oval and round windows

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37
Q

Glaucoma Tx: reduce aqueous humor secretion by ciliary epithelium

A

Timolol, other non-selective Beta blockers, and Acetazolamide

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38
Q

Glaucoma Tx: Increased aqueous humor outflow

A

Prostaglandins and Cholinomimetics (contracting iris sphincter opens up path to trabecular meshwork)

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39
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman

A

(aka SMA, spinal muscular atrophy): floppy child, anterior horn damage

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40
Q

Tx for General Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

Valproic Acid

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41
Q

Internal Capsule Lesion

A

Motor Deficit

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42
Q

Thalamus Lesion

A

Sensory deficit w/ some difficulty w/ proprioception

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43
Q

Pons Lesion

A

Pinpoint pupils, decerebrate rigidity, bilateral paralysis

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44
Q

Caudate Nucleus Lesion

A

Transient hemiparesis, chorea, dyskinesia, agitation, psychosis

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45
Q

Glucose infusion can exacerbate:

A

Thiamine deficiency

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46
Q

Hearing Loss: Rinne Test

A

Air should be louder than bone

- Abnormal suggests conductive hearing loss (in tested ear)

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47
Q

Hearing Loss: Weber Test

A

Sound should be equal on both sides

  • Conductive: lateralizes to affected ear (due to diminished ambient noise)
  • Sensorineural: lateralizes to unaffected ear (because impair ear can’t sense vibration)
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48
Q

POMC cleaved into:

A

ACTH, MSH, and B-endorphin (endogenous opioid)

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49
Q

Notochord forms at:

A

3 weeks (day 16)

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50
Q

Sympathetics to Sweat glands and Adrenal Medulla

A

Sympathetic send Ach to sweat glands (via post ganglionic nerve) and to adrenal medulla (preganglionic)
- Everything else is Ach preganglionic, and adrenergic postganglionic

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51
Q

Parasympathetic transmits via:

A

Ach

  • Preganglionic is Nicotinic (ligand gated ion channel, fast)
  • Postganglionic is Muscarinic (G ptn, slow)
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52
Q

______ contraindicated in Glaucoma

A

Anti-cholinergics

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53
Q

Raphe Nucleus

A

Serotonin

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54
Q

Locus Ceruleus

A

NE (Norepinephrine)

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55
Q

Nucleus Basalis of Maynert

A

Acetylcholine

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56
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

GABA

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57
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Dopamine

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58
Q

PCP: MC cause of death

A

Trauma, NOT seizures

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59
Q

Only sensory pathway that doesn’t pass through thalamus

A

Olfactory (smell)

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60
Q

______ should always be added to cover for Listeria in infants and immunocompromised

A

Ampicillin

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61
Q

Meniere’s Disease

A

Due to decreased absorption of endolymph in vestibular apparatus:
tinnitis, vertigo, and sensorineural hearing loss

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62
Q

Neural Tube –>

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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63
Q

Neural Crest –>

A

PNS and leptomeninges

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64
Q

Notochord –>

A

Nucleus pulposis

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65
Q

Prosencephalon (forebrain):

A

Telencephalon: Cerebral hemispheres + ventricles
Diencephalon: Thalamus + 3rd Ventricle

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66
Q

Mesencephalon (midbrain):

A

Mesencephalon: Midbrain + Aqueduct

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67
Q

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain):

A

Metencephalon: Pons, Cerebellum, + Upper 4th ventricle
Myelencephalon: Medulla + Lower 4th ventricle

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68
Q

Gene aw/ Holoprosencephaly

A

SHH (sonic hedgehog) gene

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69
Q

Syringomyelia

A

usually bilateral pain and temp loss of upper extremity

- May also see Upper LMN signs and Lower UMN signs

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70
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

degeneration distal to injury and proximal axon retraction

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71
Q

Meissner Corpuscle and Merkel Discs

A

Superficial
Meissner: light touch, fast adapting
Merkel: pressure, slow adapting

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72
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle and Ruffini

A

Deep
Pacinian: vibration and pressure, fast adapting
Ruffini: stretch, slow adapting

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73
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

GABA

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74
Q

Neurotransmitters in Huntingons

A

Decreased GABA and Ach

Increased Dopamine

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75
Q

Neurotransmitters in Alzheimers

A

Decreased Ach

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76
Q

Neurotransmitters in Parkinsons

A

Decreased Dopamine and Serotonin

Increased Ach

77
Q

Neurotransmitters in Depression

A

Decreased NE, Dopamine, Serotonin

78
Q

Cytogenic vs Vasogenic Edema

A

Cytogenic: extra to intracellular (failed membrane pump after ischemic insult)
Vasogenic: intra to extracellular (increased permeability of barrier with neoplastic or inflammatory disorders)

79
Q

Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Alcohol, and NE: effect on REM

A

ALL decrease REM

80
Q

Treatment for Bedwetting

A

DDAVP or imipramine

81
Q

REM induced by

A

Ach

82
Q

NREM induced by

A

Serotonin

83
Q

EEG Waves in Sleep

A 
Awake: alpha and beta
N1: Theta
N2: sleep spindles and K complexes
N3: delta
REM: beta, sawtooth
84
Q

Papez’s Circuit

A

Cingulate gyrus –> hippocampus –> fornix –> mammillary bodies –> thalamus

85
Q

Medial Cerebellar Lesions

A

Truncal ataxia, wide gait, bilateral (axial and proximal musculature)

86
Q

Lateral Cerebellar Lesions

A

Problem with voluntary movement of extremities

- fall towards injured side

87
Q

Peduncles and Cerebellum:

A

Superior: contra output
Middle: contra input
Inferior: ipsi input

88
Q

Cerebellar Nuclei: lateral to medial

A

Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial (don’t eat greasy foods)

89
Q

Striatum

A

Putamen + Caudate

90
Q

Lentiform

A

Putamen + Globus pallidus

91
Q

Direct and Indirect Pathways: Dopamine

A

Direct: disinhibits thalamus –> movement
Indirect: inhibits thalamus –> no movement
Dopamine facilitates movement by:
(from Substantia Nigra pars compacta)
D1: activates direct
D2: inhibits indirect

92
Q

D2 agonists to treat Parkinson’s

A

Pramipexole and Ropinerole

93
Q

Lewy Bodies composed of:

A

a-synuclein

94
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A
  • Hyperorality, hypersexual, disinhibited behavior
  • aw/ HSV 1 or trauma
  • lesion in amygdala (bilateral temporalectomies)
95
Q

Gerstmann Syndrome

A

Finger agnosia, acalculia, agraphia

- Left parietal-temporal cortex

96
Q

Confusion, Ataxia, Nystagmus

A

Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

97
Q

PRPP vs FEF Lesion

A

PRPP: look AWAY from side of lesion
FEF: look TOWARDS lesion

98
Q

Intracranial Pressure and CO2

A

Therapeutic hyperventilation helps to decrease CO2 and cerebral pressure by vasoconstricting

99
Q

Medial Medullary Syndrome

A

ASA infarct (anterior spinal)

  • contra hemiparesis
  • ipsi hypoglossal dysfunction
100
Q

Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg)

A

PICA infarct

  • dyphagia, hoarseness
  • Horner
  • vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus
  • impaired pain/temp from ipsi face and contra body
101
Q

Lateral Pontine Syndrome

A

AICA infact

  • Facial paralysis
  • loss of pain and temp in face
  • Ipsi hearing and horners of face
102
Q

Locked In Syndrome

A

Basilar artery infarction or CPM (central pontine myelinosis from rapid correction of hyponatremia)

103
Q

PComm Saccular Aneurysm

A
  • may cause CN III palsy
104
Q

AComm Saccular Aneurysm

A
  • MC location

- visual field defects (bitemporal hemianopia)

105
Q

Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage

A

Usually due to hypertension
- in basal ganglia and internal capsule
(can be a Charcot Bouchard Aneurysm, whereas a subarachnoid hemorrhage is usually due to a berry/saccular aneurysm)

106
Q

Irreversible damage to brain after ____ hypoxia

A

5 minutes

107
Q

Neonatal Intraventricular Rupture

A

In the germinal matrix

- increased risk with low birth weight or prematurity

108
Q

Wet, Wobbly, Wacky

A

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

  • ventricles englarged
  • incontinence due to stretching of the descending cortical fibers that control the bladder
109
Q

Riluzole

A

NMDA antagonist used for ALS

110
Q

Tabes Dorsalis

A

Tertiary syphilis
dorsal column degeneration
- charcot joints, argyll robertson pupils (prostitute pupil)

111
Q

Hammer Toes

A

Friedreich Ataxia

112
Q

Long ciliary nerve

A

Sympathetic

- innervates pupillary dilator

113
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Gone by 3 months (startle reflex)

114
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Gone by 4 months (nipple seeking)

115
Q

Plantar/Babinski Reflex

A

Gone by 1 year (fanning of toes up)

116
Q

Biceps and Triceps Reflexes

A

Biceps: C5
Triceps: C7

117
Q

CN III comes out:

A

Above Pons (medial) (between the PCA and superior cerebellar artery)

118
Q

CN IV comes out near:

A

Upper Pons

119
Q

CN V comes out near:

A

Middle to Inferior Pons

120
Q

CN VI comes out by:

A

Top of pyramids just below pons (medial)

121
Q

CN VII and VIII exit at:

A

Cerebellopontine angle

122
Q

CN IX, X, and XI exit:

A

Below Cerebellopontine angle

123
Q

CN XII exits:

A

On top of pyramids (medial)

hypoglossal –> tongue motor nerve problems

124
Q

Parinaud Syndrome

A

Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze

- lesion in superior colliculi
eg. germinomas such as a pinealoma

125
Q

Inferior Collicus

A

Auditory

126
Q

Alar plate and Basal plate

A

Alar: sensory, lateral nuclei
Basal: motor, medial nuclei

127
Q

Cranial Nerve Nuclei

A

Midbrain: 3, 4
Pons: 5-8
Medulla: 9, 10, 12
Spinal Cord: 11

128
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus

A

CN 9, 10, 11
PICA lesion
Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx and upper esophagus

129
Q

Nucleus Solitarius

A

CN 7, 9, 10

Visceral sensory information

130
Q

CN V Motor Lesion

A

Jaw deviates towards lesion (unopposed force from opposite pterygoid)

131
Q

Face UMN Lesion

A

Only bottom half of contra face is paralyzed

132
Q

Face LMN Lesion

A

Entire ipsi half of face paralyzed (Bell’s Palsy)

133
Q

Presbyopia

A

Decrease in focusing during accommodation due to decreased elasticity and sclerosis
- may appear to correct myopia due to decrease in focusing

134
Q

Flexner Wintersteiner Rosettes

A

Retinoblastoma

135
Q

Open Angle Glaucoma

A

Caused by blocked absorption by trebecular meshwork (by WBCs, RBCs, or retinal elements)

136
Q

Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma

A

Emergency, very painful, rock-hard eyes, lens is abruptly pushed forwards, may see halos or have vision loss, and headache
- Do not use epinephrine (which would dilate)

137
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic to Pupil

A

Para: constricts via Short Ciliary (Edinger westphal to ciliar ganglion via CN 3, 2nd neuron is short ciliary)
Symp: dilates via Long Ciliary (hypothalamus –> exits at T1 to sup cerv ganglion and then along internal carotid and enters orbit as long ciliary)

138
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex Path

A

Light in through CN 2 –> pretectal nucleus –> E-W nuclei –> Ciliary ganglion –> sphincter pupillae

139
Q

CN III Motor and Parasympathetic

A

Diabetes will not affect the parasympathetic (only motor) because its a central problem, and parasympathetics run along outside (Diabetic Mononeuropathy)

  • Parasympathetic are the first to be affected by compression
  • Motor inside/central so affected by ischemia
140
Q

MLF

A

Crosstalk between CN 6 and CN3 to coordinated horizontal movement of eyes
CN 6 –> 6 nucleus –> contra CN 3 nucleus –> CN3 –> medial rectus
- Lesion in MLF (INO)- abducting eye will get nystagmus in its attempt to fire stronger to get the other eye to move
- aw/ MS
- right INO refers to paralyzed eye
- left MLF (comes from right cn VI nucleus)

141
Q

Amyloid Angiopathy can cause:

A

Intracranial Hemorrhages

142
Q

Prion Disease Histology

A

Spongiform

143
Q

Guillian Barre (AIDP- Acute Inflammatory demylinating polyradiculopathy): Lab Findings

A

Increased CSF protein (albuminocytologic dissociation)

- autoimmune attack due to molecular mimicry

144
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

disseminated in time and space

  • autoreactive CD4 cells against myelin proteins
  • aw/ DON or INO
  • Increased protein IgG in CSF, oligoclonal bands, and periventricular plaques
145
Q

ADEM

A

postinfectious encephalomyelitis
multifocal perivenular inflammation and demyelination
- after measles, vzv or vaccine

146
Q

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

A

LSD, arylsulfatase deficiency; ataxia and dementia

147
Q

Krabbe Disease

A

LSD, globoid cell leukodystrophy
deficiency of galactocerebrocidase
peripheral neuropathy

148
Q

Charcot Marie Tooth

A

hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

AD, scoliosis, foot deformities, stork legs (champagne bottle), tripping/clumsy, onion bulb pathology

149
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

Peroxisomal disorder due to decreased metabolism of very long chain FA

  • adrenal gland crisis
  • progressive disease of nervous system, adrenal gland, and testes
  • X-linked
150
Q

Lenox Gaustaut

A

severe (rare) debilitating “drop” seizures

151
Q

Peripheral Vertigo

A 
Delayed horizontal nystagmus
More common (inner ear problem)
152
Q

Central Vertigo

A

Immediate nystagmus in any direction

brainstem or cerebellar problem

153
Q

Sturge Weber Gene

A

GNAQ mutation

154
Q

Constitutive expression of HIF and angiogenic growth factor activation

A

VHL

155
Q

Adult vs Children Brain Tumor Location

A

Adult: supratentorial
Child: posterior fossa

156
Q

Pseudopalisading cells w/ necrosis and vascular proliferation in brain

A

GBM (adult)

157
Q

Benign tumor w/ spindle cells, whorled, psammoma bodies

A

Meningioma (adult)

also has dural attachment

158
Q

Hemangioblastoma

A

aw/ VHL if w/ retinal angioma

- can produce EPO and cause secondary polycythemia

159
Q

S100+ tumor at cerebellopontine angle

A

Schwannoma (adult)

aw/ NFT2

160
Q

Fried egg appearance and often calcified

A

Oligodendroglioma (adult)

161
Q

Benign tumor (GFAP+) in posterior fossa (rosenthal fibers, Cystic + Solid)

A 
Pilocytic Astrocytoma (child)
- MC tumor
162
Q

Tumor w/ Homer-Wright Rosettes, small blue cells, synaptophysin + that can compress 4th ventricle, also has drop metastases

A

Medulloblastoma (child)

rod shaped blepharoplasts [basal ciliary bodies] as well

163
Q

Tumor w/ Perivascular and true rosettes that is found in the 4th ventricle

A

Ependymoma (child)

164
Q

Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation

A

compress ACA

165
Q

Uncal Herniation

A
  • Ipsi CN III palsy
  • Ipsi PCA (contra homon. hemianopsia)
  • Contra crus cerebri (ipsi paralysis
  • Duret hemorrhage
166
Q

Cerebellar Tonsil Herniation

A

Cardiorespiratory arrest due to compression of brain stem

- Due to symmetric expansion of supratentorial contents

167
Q

Cholinomimetics for Glaucoma

A

Contract ciliary muscle to open up trebecular meshwork and increased outflow of aqueous humor

168
Q

Latanaprost

A

PGE analog that increases outflow of aqueous humor for glaucoma
- darkens iris color

169
Q

AFP and AchE in amniotic fluid

A

Suggests Neural Tube Defect (failed fusion)

170
Q

Age Related Macular Degeneration

A

Dry: drusen, gradual
Wet: neovascularization (due to VEGF), worse, shows grayish green discoloration of retina with adjacent edema or hemorrhage

171
Q

Bell’s Palsy: Symptoms aside from Facal Paralysis

A

Decreased lacrimation, hyperacusis, and loss of taste over anterior 2/3 of tongue
- all done by Facial nerve (CN VII)

172
Q

Cauda Equina Syndrome

A

Saddle Anesthesia

  • Fecal Incontinence
  • Late urinary retention
173
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage caused by:

A

Berry Aneurysm or AVM

174
Q

Recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage (multiple small areas)

- MC cause of spontaneous lobar/cortical hemorrhage in elderly

A

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

175
Q

Small intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia, cerebellar nuclei, or thalamus in a patient with chronic HTN
- intraparenchymal hyperdensity on CT (visible on imaging)

A

Charcot-Bourchard Aneurysm

176
Q

Tuberculous Meningitis may cause:

A

Communicating hydrocephalus due to decreased absorption of CSF by subarachnoid granulations (often seen with meningeal infections)

177
Q

Pharm Tx for Restless Leg Syndrome

A

Dopamine Agonists ( eg. pramipexole)

178
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Rhythmic involuntary movements of mouth and tongue

  • Due to long term use of antipsychotics (typical)
  • Due to upregulation of Dopamine Receptors and hypersensitivity
  • concomitant decrease in cholinergic tone of striatum
179
Q

Neurofibromas

A

Fleshy skin nodules that contain Schwann Cell proliferations

180
Q

Pontine Intracerebral Hemorrhage

A

Pinpoint pupils, loss of horizontal gaze, quadriplegia, decerebrate posturing
- often die soon after

181
Q

On-Off phenomenon

A

Long term use of parkinson’s treatments w/ levodopa can be complicated with periodic and sometimes unpredictable fluctuations in motor function
- nigrostriatal neurodegeneration makes the response unpredictable

182
Q

Hemi-Ballism

A

Damage to the subthalamic nucleus

- usually due to lacunar infarct

183
Q

Effect of PCO2 on Cerebral Blood Flow

A

Direct relationship
As PCO2 increases, so does cerebral blood flow
As PCO2 decrease, cerebral blood flow decreases
PO2 has a less strong effect, only when it is below 50 will it cause an increase in cerebral blood flow

184
Q

Progressive headache and nausea/vomiting followed by nonlocalized neurologic symptoms

A

Hypertensive Encephalopathy

185
Q

Abrupt onset headache and hyperattenuation of sulci on CT

A

Saccular aneurysm rupture

186
Q

Lacunar infarcts

A

small ischemic infarcts involving deep brain structures (basal ganglia, pons), and subcortical white matter (internal capsule)

  • MC due to hypertensive arteriolosclerosis of small, penetrating arterioles
  • Will not see on imaging right away
  • Lakelike cavity a few weeks later
187
Q

Old Ischemic Infarcts

A

Cystic appearance

- macrophages phagocytize the fragments and debris and the wall of the cyst is by astrocytes (gliosis)

188
Q

Rapidly progressive dementia w/ myoclonic jerks

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (prion)

- multiple vacuoles/spongiform encephalopathy

Quick Notes for Step 1 (18 decks)

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