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Quick Notes for Step 1 > Do NOT Confuse > Flashcards

Do NOT Confuse Flashcards

1
Q

Amiloride vs Amlodipine vs Amiodarone

A

Amiloride: diuretic K+ sparing
Amlodipine: Ca++ channel inhibitor
Amiodarone: K+ channel inhibitor –> prolongs QT but no Torsades

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2
Q

Menetrier vs Menieres

A

Menetrier: thickened rugae in stomach, mucus, protein loss
Meniere: short duration vertigo w/ hearing loss due to decreased endolymph absorption

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3
Q

Menke vs Meckle

A

Menke: too much copper, kinky hair, lysyl oxidase mutation
Meckle: true diverticulum, rule of 2’s, pertechnatate scan

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4
Q

PDE vs PGE

A

Phosphodiesterase: if inhibited –> vasodilates (used for erectile dysfunction to inhibit cGMP degradation by PDE5 –> NO)
–> Nitric oxide also called EDRF (endothelium derived relaxation factor)
Prostaglandin: vasodilates (eg. afferent arteriole), synthesis inhibited by NSAIDs

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5
Q

HUS vs Henoch Schonlein Purpura

A

HUS: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal injury (diarrhea associated [EHEC shiga toxin])
Henoch Schonlein: systemic vasculitis caused by IgA deposition (in skin and GI tract), aw/ arthralgias and acute glomerulonephritis

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6
Q

IgA Nephrophathy vs Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

A

IgA Nephropathy: few days after URI or GI infection, mesangial IgA deposits, aw/ Henoch Schonlein Purpura
PSGN: weeks after URI or skin infection (GAS), low C3, granular/starry sky appearance, better prognosis in children

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7
Q

Rheumatic Fever vs Rheumatic Heart Disease vs Polymyalgia Rheumatica

A

Rheumatic Fever: mitral regurgitation, JONES criteria, few weeks after pharyngitis
Rheumatic Heart Disease: mitral stenosis, and sometimes infectious endocarditis
Polymyalgia Rheumatica: aw/ temporal (giant cell) arteritis, muscle aches and jaw claudication, blindness

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8
Q

Rheumatic Fever vs Scarlet Fever

A

Both: GAS pharyngitis
Rheumatic Fever: JONES criteria
Scarlet Fever: strawberry tongue, sandpaper rash, can progress to RF if untreated

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9
Q

Bacterial Endocarditis vs Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease

A

Endocarditis: fever, new murmur, Roth spots, osler nodes, janeway lesions, splinter hemorrhages (vegetations made of fibrin and platelets –> thrombi to different parts of body)
Caused by dental procedures or IV drug use
[May also be non-bacterial due to malignancy, hypercoagulable state or SLE]
RF/RHD: Do not have all of these, only have murmur and fever

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10
Q

Cryptococcus vs Coccidiodes

A

Cryptococcus: meningitis, round/oval budding year w/ thick polysaccharide capsule (latex agglut. test)
Coccidioides: Valley fever, respiratory pneumonia, spherule w/ endospores

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11
Q

Leukemoid Reaction vs CML

A

Both: elevated WBC ( low blasts, many band cells, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes)
Leukemoid Reaction: high alk phos
CML: low alk phos

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12
Q

Bethanechol vs Bethamethasone vs Beclamethasone

A

Bethanechol: cholinergic agent to activate bowel and bladder
Bethamethasone: prenatal to improve surfactant production
Beclamethasone: chronic asthma tx

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13
Q

Trichomonas vs Treponema pallidum vs Trachomatis

A

Trichomonas vaginalis: vaginitis
Treponema: syphilis
Trachomatis: chlamydia

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14
Q

Vit B12 vs Vit E Deficiency

A

B12: megaloblastic anemia, methylmalonic acid, paresthesia, degeneration of dorsal column, lateral corticospinal tract, and spinocerebellar tracts
E: hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

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15
Q

Dietary B12 Deficiency vs Pernicious Anemia vs Malabsorption of B12

A

Dietary deficiency: radiolabeled oral cobalamin excreted in urine
Pernicious Anemia: oral labeled cobalamin with IF excreted in normal amount in urine
Malabsorption: oral labeled cobalamin with IF will be lower in amount in urine

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16
Q

Alkaptonuria vs Acute Intermittent Porphyria

A

Both: urine that darkens with exposure to air
Alkaptonuria: black urine, brown sclera, cannot metabolize phenylalanine or tyrosine (to fumarate)
AIP: port wine urine, abdominal pain, no photosensitivity

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17
Q

Minimal Change Disease vs Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

A

Both: foot process effacement
Minimal change: children, response well to steroids, can be aw/ Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
FSGS: African American/Hispanic adults, poor response to steroids, HIV, heroin, Sickle cell

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18
Q

Membranous Nephropathy vs Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

A

Both: thick membranes, poor response to steroids
Membranous: Caucasian, HBV/HCV SLE, solid tumors, spike & dome/grainy, IgG4
Membranoproliferative: hypercellularity, tram track, 2 types (subendo HCV/HBV or intramembranous C3 convertase) low C3

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19
Q

EHEC vs ETEC

A

EHEC: O157:H7, shiga-like toxin (inactivates 60s ribosome), does NOT ferment sorbitol
ETEC: traveler’s diarrhea, LT cholera-like toxin (cAMP)

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20
Q

Tay-Sachs vs Neimann-Pick

A

Both: cherry red spot, neurodegeneration
Tay-Sachs: hexosaminidase B, GM2 ganglioside
Neimann-Pick: hepatosplenomegaly, sphingomyelinase, sphingomyelin

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21
Q

Erythema’s

A

Migrans: Lyme
Marginatum: Rheumatoid fever
Multiforme: Steven Johnson, HSV
Infectiousum: parvovirus (fifth’s disease)
Nodosum: shins, sarcoidosis, TB, strep, leprosy, Crohn’s

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22
Q

Erythema Nodosum vs Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

Erythema Nodosum: on shins (sarcoidosis, TB, strep, leprosy, Crohn’s/UC)
Polyarteritis nodosa: vasculitis, usually affects renal arteries and spares the pulmonary arteries

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23
Q

Condyloma’s

A

Accuminatum: HPV
Latum: Syphillis (secondary)

24
Q

Lichen Sclerosis vs Lichen Simplex Chronicus

A

Sclerosis: thinning of vulvar skin, slight increased risk sq. cell carcinoma, non-HPV related cause of VIN
Simplex chronicus: thickened vulvar skin due to irritation, no increased risk

25
Q

Scarlet Fever vs Kawasaki

A

Both: red tongue
Scarlet fever: may precede rheumatic fever, scarlet splotches/spot sandpaper rash, GAS
Kawasaki: coronary artery disease, Asian children

26
Q

Von Gierke vs Cori vs McArdle

A

Both: glycogen storage diseases
Von Gierke: hepatomegaly, Glucose 6 phosphatase problem
Cori Disease: milder form of Von Gierke
McArdle: more glycogen in muscle, not in liver, myophosphorylase problem

27
Q

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis vs Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

A

PBC: granulomatous, lymphocytes, usually females, pruritis, AMA
PSC: crimping/beading and strictures, UC, p-anca

28
Q

Neuroblastoma vs Wilm’s Tumor

A

Both: abdominal mass in young children
Neuroblastoma: adrenal medulla, myoclonus, non-rhythmic eye movements
Wilms (nephroblastoma): aniridia (no irises), GU malformation, retardation

29
Q

Bacillary Angiomatosis vs Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Both: reddish purple vascular tumor
Bacillary angiomatosis: Bartonella (also causes cat scratch), benign
Kaposi: malignant, HHV8, skin or GI tract

30
Q

Gardnerella Vaginalis vs Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Both: STDs with distinct smell
Gardnerella: bacterial vaginosis, fishy smelling grey-white discharge, clue cells
Trichomonas: vaginitis, foamy, foul smelling yellow green discharge

31
Q

HNPCC vs Xeroderma Pigmentosum

A

HNPCC: mismatch repair problem, sporadic colon cancer
XP: endonuclease problem (can’t remove thymine dimers, photosensitivity

32
Q

Toxins

A

Diphtheria and Pseudomonas (Exotoxin A): Ribosylate EF-2 inhibiting protein synthesis
Pertussis: ADP ribosylates Gi to increase cAMP
Cholera: increases cAMP and Cl- secretion
EHEC (shiga-like) and Shiga: Inactivate 60S by removing an adenine
ETEC: LT (cholera-like): increases cAMP and ST: increases cGMP

33
Q

Isoniazid vs Isocarboxazid

A

Isoniazid: mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor for TB, similar to B6 (pyridoxine)
Isocarboxazid: MAOi for atypical depression or refractory depression, hypertensive crisis w/ tyramine containing foods

34
Q

Liver Damage Appearance

A

PBC: granulomatous inflammation, florid duct lesions
PSC: onion skinning and crimping of ducts
Alcoholic hepatitis: hepatocyte swelling and necrosis, Mallory bodies
Acetaminophen toxicity: centrilobular necrosis
Reyes: microvesicular steatosis
Hemochromatosis: hemosiderin deposition
Budd Chiari: reddish purple, necrotic, centrilobular congestion

35
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome vs Serotonin Syndrome vs Malignant Hyperthermia

A

NMS: rigidity (no myoclonus), high fever, autonomic instability, myoglobinuria
Serotonin Syndrome: myoclonus, high fever, flushing, diarrhea, seizures
Malignant Hyperthermia: hereditary condition, fever + severe muscle contraction with use of inhaled anesthetics

36
Q

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency vs X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

A

SCID: adenosine deaminase, defective T cells –> not making B cells either, pneumocystis jerovecii in infants
XLA: bruton tyrosine kinase defect (BTK), not making antibodies

37
Q

Mast Cells vs Basophils vs Eosinophils

A

Mast cells: main allergic response cell (type 1 hypersensitivity); histamine, heparin, tryptase, and eosinophil chemotactic factors
Basophils: also for allergic reactions, heparin, histamine, leukotrienes
Eosinophils: helminths mainly; histamine and arylsulfatase

38
Q

Hexokinase vs Glucokinase

A

Hexokinase: most tissues (NOT liver and beta cells in pancreas)
- High affinity, not insulin induced, works at low glucose concentration, feedback inhibited by glucose-6-P
Glucokinase: Liver and Pancreatic Beta cells
- Low affinity, insulin induced, works at high glucose concentration, not feedback inhibited by glucose-6-P, aw/ MODY

39
Q

Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency vs Orotic Aciduria

A

Both: Orotic Acid in urine

  • Ornithine Transcarb. Deficiency: (problem with urea cycle), orotic acid in blood and urine (because excess carbamoyl phosphate is converted to it), hyperammonemia
  • Orotic Aciduria: UMP Synthase deficiency (part pyrimidine synthesis), NO hyperammonemia (because urea cycle is fine), Megaloblastic anemia
40
Q

Homocystinuria vs Marfan’s

A

Both: tall, kyphosis, long limbs, lens subluxation
Homocystinuria: mental retardation and increased risk thrombosis & atherosclerosis, and high levels of homocysteine, can treat with PLP (B6)
Marfan’s: similar presentation, without extra things

41
Q

Hamartoma

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

42
Q

Angiofibromas

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

43
Q

Ash-leaf spots

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

44
Q

Cardiac Rhabdomyoma

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

45
Q

Renal Angiomyolipoma

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

46
Q

Shagreen Patches

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

47
Q

Subependymal Astrocytoma

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

48
Q

Cavernous Hemangioma

A

VHL

49
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

VHL

50
Q

Hemangioblastoma (Retina and Cerebellum)

A

VHL

51
Q

Mitral Regurgitation

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

52
Q

Seizure

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

53
Q

Lisch Nodules

A

NFT 1

54
Q

Cafe au Lait

A

NFT 1

55
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

MEN, VHL, NFT1

56
Q

TTP vs HUS

A

Both: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia; PENTAD
TTP: adults and primarily neuro problems
HUS: children and primarily renal involvement

57
Q

Patau (13) vs Edwards (18)

A

Patau: Cleft palate, polydactyly, and omphalocele
Edwards: Clenched hands

Quick Notes for Step 1 (18 decks)

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