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Quick Notes for Step 1 > Do NOT Confuse > Flashcards

Do NOT Confuse Flashcards

1
Q

Amiloride vs Amlodipine vs Amiodarone

A

Amiloride: diuretic K+ sparing
Amlodipine: Ca++ channel inhibitor
Amiodarone: K+ channel inhibitor –> prolongs QT but no Torsades

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2
Q

Menetrier vs Menieres

A

Menetrier: thickened rugae in stomach, mucus, protein loss
Meniere: short duration vertigo w/ hearing loss due to decreased endolymph absorption

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3
Q

Menke vs Meckle

A

Menke: too much copper, kinky hair, lysyl oxidase mutation
Meckle: true diverticulum, rule of 2’s, pertechnatate scan

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4
Q

PDE vs PGE

A

Phosphodiesterase: if inhibited –> vasodilates (used for erectile dysfunction to inhibit cGMP degradation by PDE5 –> NO)
–> Nitric oxide also called EDRF (endothelium derived relaxation factor)
Prostaglandin: vasodilates (eg. afferent arteriole), synthesis inhibited by NSAIDs

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5
Q

HUS vs Henoch Schonlein Purpura

A

HUS: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal injury (diarrhea associated [EHEC shiga toxin])
Henoch Schonlein: systemic vasculitis caused by IgA deposition (in skin and GI tract), aw/ arthralgias and acute glomerulonephritis

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6
Q

IgA Nephrophathy vs Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

A

IgA Nephropathy: few days after URI or GI infection, mesangial IgA deposits, aw/ Henoch Schonlein Purpura
PSGN: weeks after URI or skin infection (GAS), low C3, granular/starry sky appearance, better prognosis in children

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7
Q

Rheumatic Fever vs Rheumatic Heart Disease vs Polymyalgia Rheumatica

A

Rheumatic Fever: mitral regurgitation, JONES criteria, few weeks after pharyngitis
Rheumatic Heart Disease: mitral stenosis, and sometimes infectious endocarditis
Polymyalgia Rheumatica: aw/ temporal (giant cell) arteritis, muscle aches and jaw claudication, blindness

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8
Q

Rheumatic Fever vs Scarlet Fever

A

Both: GAS pharyngitis
Rheumatic Fever: JONES criteria
Scarlet Fever: strawberry tongue, sandpaper rash, can progress to RF if untreated

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9
Q

Bacterial Endocarditis vs Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease

A

Endocarditis: fever, new murmur, Roth spots, osler nodes, janeway lesions, splinter hemorrhages (vegetations made of fibrin and platelets –> thrombi to different parts of body)
Caused by dental procedures or IV drug use
[May also be non-bacterial due to malignancy, hypercoagulable state or SLE]
RF/RHD: Do not have all of these, only have murmur and fever

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10
Q

Cryptococcus vs Coccidiodes

A

Cryptococcus: meningitis, round/oval budding year w/ thick polysaccharide capsule (latex agglut. test)
Coccidioides: Valley fever, respiratory pneumonia, spherule w/ endospores

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11
Q

Leukemoid Reaction vs CML

A

Both: elevated WBC ( low blasts, many band cells, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes)
Leukemoid Reaction: high alk phos
CML: low alk phos

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12
Q

Bethanechol vs Bethamethasone vs Beclamethasone

A

Bethanechol: cholinergic agent to activate bowel and bladder
Bethamethasone: prenatal to improve surfactant production
Beclamethasone: chronic asthma tx

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13
Q

Trichomonas vs Treponema pallidum vs Trachomatis

A

Trichomonas vaginalis: vaginitis
Treponema: syphilis
Trachomatis: chlamydia

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14
Q

Vit B12 vs Vit E Deficiency

A

B12: megaloblastic anemia, methylmalonic acid, paresthesia, degeneration of dorsal column, lateral corticospinal tract, and spinocerebellar tracts
E: hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

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15
Q

Dietary B12 Deficiency vs Pernicious Anemia vs Malabsorption of B12

A

Dietary deficiency: radiolabeled oral cobalamin excreted in urine
Pernicious Anemia: oral labeled cobalamin with IF excreted in normal amount in urine
Malabsorption: oral labeled cobalamin with IF will be lower in amount in urine

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16
Q

Alkaptonuria vs Acute Intermittent Porphyria

A

Both: urine that darkens with exposure to air
Alkaptonuria: black urine, brown sclera, cannot metabolize phenylalanine or tyrosine (to fumarate)
AIP: port wine urine, abdominal pain, no photosensitivity

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17
Q

Minimal Change Disease vs Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

A

Both: foot process effacement
Minimal change: children, response well to steroids, can be aw/ Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
FSGS: African American/Hispanic adults, poor response to steroids, HIV, heroin, Sickle cell

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18
Q

Membranous Nephropathy vs Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

A

Both: thick membranes, poor response to steroids
Membranous: Caucasian, HBV/HCV SLE, solid tumors, spike & dome/grainy, IgG4
Membranoproliferative: hypercellularity, tram track, 2 types (subendo HCV/HBV or intramembranous C3 convertase) low C3

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19
Q

EHEC vs ETEC

A

EHEC: O157:H7, shiga-like toxin (inactivates 60s ribosome), does NOT ferment sorbitol
ETEC: traveler’s diarrhea, LT cholera-like toxin (cAMP)

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20
Q

Tay-Sachs vs Neimann-Pick

A

Both: cherry red spot, neurodegeneration
Tay-Sachs: hexosaminidase B, GM2 ganglioside
Neimann-Pick: hepatosplenomegaly, sphingomyelinase, sphingomyelin

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21
Q

Erythema’s

A

Migrans: Lyme
Marginatum: Rheumatoid fever
Multiforme: Steven Johnson, HSV
Infectiousum: parvovirus (fifth’s disease)
Nodosum: shins, sarcoidosis, TB, strep, leprosy, Crohn’s

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22
Q

Erythema Nodosum vs Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

Erythema Nodosum: on shins (sarcoidosis, TB, strep, leprosy, Crohn’s/UC)
Polyarteritis nodosa: vasculitis, usually affects renal arteries and spares the pulmonary arteries

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23
Q

Condyloma’s

A

Accuminatum: HPV
Latum: Syphillis (secondary)

24
Q

Lichen Sclerosis vs Lichen Simplex Chronicus

A

Sclerosis: thinning of vulvar skin, slight increased risk sq. cell carcinoma, non-HPV related cause of VIN
Simplex chronicus: thickened vulvar skin due to irritation, no increased risk

25
Scarlet Fever vs Kawasaki
Both: red tongue Scarlet fever: may precede rheumatic fever, scarlet splotches/spot sandpaper rash, GAS Kawasaki: coronary artery disease, Asian children
26
Von Gierke vs Cori vs McArdle
Both: glycogen storage diseases Von Gierke: hepatomegaly, Glucose 6 phosphatase problem Cori Disease: milder form of Von Gierke McArdle: more glycogen in muscle, not in liver, myophosphorylase problem
27
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis vs Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
PBC: granulomatous, lymphocytes, usually females, pruritis, AMA PSC: crimping/beading and strictures, UC, p-anca
28
Neuroblastoma vs Wilm's Tumor
Both: abdominal mass in young children Neuroblastoma: adrenal medulla, myoclonus, non-rhythmic eye movements Wilms (nephroblastoma): aniridia (no irises), GU malformation, retardation
29
Bacillary Angiomatosis vs Kaposi Sarcoma
Both: reddish purple vascular tumor Bacillary angiomatosis: Bartonella (also causes cat scratch), benign Kaposi: malignant, HHV8, skin or GI tract
30
Gardnerella Vaginalis vs Trichomonas Vaginalis
Both: STDs with distinct smell Gardnerella: bacterial vaginosis, fishy smelling grey-white discharge, clue cells Trichomonas: vaginitis, foamy, foul smelling yellow green discharge
31
HNPCC vs Xeroderma Pigmentosum
HNPCC: mismatch repair problem, sporadic colon cancer XP: endonuclease problem (can’t remove thymine dimers, photosensitivity
32
Toxins
Diphtheria and Pseudomonas (Exotoxin A): Ribosylate EF-2 inhibiting protein synthesis Pertussis: ADP ribosylates Gi to increase cAMP Cholera: increases cAMP and Cl- secretion EHEC (shiga-like) and Shiga: Inactivate 60S by removing an adenine ETEC: LT (cholera-like): increases cAMP and ST: increases cGMP
33
Isoniazid vs Isocarboxazid
Isoniazid: mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor for TB, similar to B6 (pyridoxine) Isocarboxazid: MAOi for atypical depression or refractory depression, hypertensive crisis w/ tyramine containing foods
34
Liver Damage Appearance
PBC: granulomatous inflammation, florid duct lesions PSC: onion skinning and crimping of ducts Alcoholic hepatitis: hepatocyte swelling and necrosis, Mallory bodies Acetaminophen toxicity: centrilobular necrosis Reyes: microvesicular steatosis Hemochromatosis: hemosiderin deposition Budd Chiari: reddish purple, necrotic, centrilobular congestion
35
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome vs Serotonin Syndrome vs Malignant Hyperthermia
NMS: rigidity (no myoclonus), high fever, autonomic instability, myoglobinuria Serotonin Syndrome: myoclonus, high fever, flushing, diarrhea, seizures Malignant Hyperthermia: hereditary condition, fever + severe muscle contraction with use of inhaled anesthetics
36
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency vs X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
SCID: adenosine deaminase, defective T cells --> not making B cells either, pneumocystis jerovecii in infants XLA: bruton tyrosine kinase defect (BTK), not making antibodies
37
Mast Cells vs Basophils vs Eosinophils
Mast cells: main allergic response cell (type 1 hypersensitivity); histamine, heparin, tryptase, and eosinophil chemotactic factors Basophils: also for allergic reactions, heparin, histamine, leukotrienes Eosinophils: helminths mainly; histamine and arylsulfatase
38
Hexokinase vs Glucokinase
Hexokinase: most tissues (NOT liver and beta cells in pancreas) - High affinity, not insulin induced, works at low glucose concentration, feedback inhibited by glucose-6-P Glucokinase: Liver and Pancreatic Beta cells - Low affinity, insulin induced, works at high glucose concentration, not feedback inhibited by glucose-6-P, aw/ MODY
39
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency vs Orotic Aciduria
Both: Orotic Acid in urine - Ornithine Transcarb. Deficiency: (problem with urea cycle), orotic acid in blood and urine (because excess carbamoyl phosphate is converted to it), hyperammonemia - Orotic Aciduria: UMP Synthase deficiency (part pyrimidine synthesis), NO hyperammonemia (because urea cycle is fine), Megaloblastic anemia
40
Homocystinuria vs Marfan's
Both: tall, kyphosis, long limbs, lens subluxation Homocystinuria: mental retardation and increased risk thrombosis & atherosclerosis, and high levels of homocysteine, can treat with PLP (B6) Marfan's: similar presentation, without extra things
41
Hamartoma
Tuberous Sclerosis
42
Angiofibromas
Tuberous Sclerosis
43
Ash-leaf spots
Tuberous Sclerosis
44
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
Tuberous Sclerosis
45
Renal Angiomyolipoma
Tuberous Sclerosis
46
Shagreen Patches
Tuberous Sclerosis
47
Subependymal Astrocytoma
Tuberous Sclerosis
48
Cavernous Hemangioma
VHL
49
Renal Cell Carcinoma
VHL
50
Hemangioblastoma (Retina and Cerebellum)
VHL
51
Mitral Regurgitation
Tuberous Sclerosis
52
Seizure
Tuberous Sclerosis
53
Lisch Nodules
NFT 1
54
Cafe au Lait
NFT 1
55
Pheochromocytoma
MEN, VHL, NFT1
56
TTP vs HUS
Both: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia; PENTAD TTP: adults and primarily neuro problems HUS: children and primarily renal involvement
57
Patau (13) vs Edwards (18)
Patau: Cleft palate, polydactyly, and omphalocele Edwards: Clenched hands

Quick Notes for Step 1 (18 decks)

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