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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Mutations in Fas

A

Decrease extrinsic apoptosis pathway → decreased apoptosis of autoreactive lymphocytes → autoimmune processes

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2
Q

BRCA

A
  • Tumor suppressor (2 hit) DNA repair gene
  • Repairs double stranded DNA breaks
  • AD inheritance
  • Risk of breast and ovarian cancer
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3
Q

ERBB/HER2

A
  • Protooncogene (1 hit) Tyrosine kinase receptor

- Acquired (not inherited)

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4
Q

MPO (myeloperoxidase)

A
  • In neutrophil granules catalyzes intracellular killing by producing bleach (HOCl) from H2O2 and chlorine
  • Gives sputum greenish color
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5
Q

Acute Graft Rejection

A

Dense interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate

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6
Q

Chronic Graft Rejection

A

Scant inflammatory cells + interstitial fibrosis

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7
Q

IL-2 exclusively produced by:

A

Antigen-stimulated lymphocytes

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8
Q

Tumor Suppressors: 2 Hit Hypothesis

A

If inherited syndrome, one hit is genetic, 2nd hit is sporadic

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9
Q

Invariant Chain

A

During antigen processing in macrophages, invariant chain of the MHC II is removed and replaced by an external proteins in acidified endosomes

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10
Q

Ataxia Telengectasia

A

DNA more susceptible to breaks from ionizing radiation

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11
Q

Thymus derived from

A

3rd Pharyngeal Pouch

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12
Q

PSGN: Hypersensitivity Type ___

A

Type 3 Hypersensitivity: immuno complexes deposit as humps on EM

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13
Q

Serum Sickness: Hypersensitivity Type ____

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity

- characterized by vasculitis, from a reaction to nonhuman proteins (eg. Infliximab)

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14
Q

IgG4

A
  • membranous nephropathy
  • Reidel thyroiditis
  • autoimmune pancreatitis
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15
Q

X-linker Agammaglobulinemia

A

(Bruton): mutation in tyrosine kinase that blocks B-cell maturation → immunodeficiency

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16
Q

IFN- a and IFN-b

A
  • stimulates neighboring cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that degrade intracellular mRNA (host and viral) and impair protein synthesis
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17
Q

Chediak Higashi

A

failure of phagosome-lysosome fusion → recurrent infection

- Albinism, neurological defects, and infections

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18
Q

Neutrophilia may occur w/:

A

Glucocorticoid use

- due to “demargination” of leukocytes previously attached to wall

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19
Q

IL-2 Transcription inhibitor/Inhibit calcineurin

A

Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus

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20
Q

Inhibits signaling/Inhibits MTOR

A

Sirolimus

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21
Q

Binds FKBP

A

Sirolimus and Tacrolimus

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22
Q

CGD

A

Dx: DHR (preferred) or NBT

  • Recurrent infections of catalase + enzymes (because defect in NADPH oxidase)
  • Candida, Staph, Klebsiella, Burkholderia
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23
Q

p-ANCA/MPO

A

Churg Strauss and Microscopic polyangiitis

  • Churg: allergy, and granulomatous, adult onset asthma, eosinophilia, and neuropathy
  • Polyangitis: use cyclophosphamide (also for polyarteritis)
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24
Q

c-ANCA/PR3

A

Wegeners: upper respiratory and granulomatous, use cyclophosphamide

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25
Tight binding of neutrophils and crawling via:
ICAM (to LFA, MAC1) or VCAM (to VLA)
26
Transmigration via:
PECAM (aka CD31)
27
Margination and Rolling via:
E and P selectins (on endothelium) to sialyly lewis on leukocytes
28
DiGeorge: Abnormal Development of _______
3rd and 4th Pharyngeal Pouches
29
HyperIgM
defective CD40L on Th cell → no isotype switching so low IgG, IgE, and IgA (high IgM)
30
Hypersensitivity: Immediate, IgE, eosinophilia
Type I
31
Hypersensitivity: Autoantibodies
Type II
32
Hypersensitivity: Immune complex deposites
Type III
33
Hypersensitivity: T-cell or delayed (TH1 or CD8/CTL)
Type IV
34
Leukotriene B4
attracts neutrophils
35
Leukotriene C4, D4, E4
Bronchoconstriction
36
C5a, IL8, and Kallikrein
released in response to bacteria
37
IL-6
mediates inflammatory response (acute phase protein)
38
IL-10
anti-inflammatory
39
TGF-B
anti-inflammatory
40
IL-2
stimulates growth/proliferation of helper T cells and B cells (which activate macrophages and NK cells)
41
IFN-gamma
activates macrophages
42
TH2 Cytokines: B cell class switching
- IL-4 → IgE and IgG | - IL-5 → IgA and eosinophils
43
Selective IgA Deficiency
- MC deficiency | - anaphylaxis to IgA containing products (should get blood products from another IgA deficient person)
44
Phenotypic Mixing
2 viruses that infect the same cell can make resulting progeny that can have nucleocapsid proteins from one strain and the genome form another (but there is not change in viral genome so the next generation will go back to the unmixed phenotype)
45
T Cells in Lymph Node
Paracortex
46
Hypercalcemia in Granulomatous Diseases
In granulomatous diseases (eg. Sarcoidosis), macrophages are activated and they have increased activity of 1-alpha hydroxylase → hypercalcemia
47
During anaphylaxis, Mast Cells Release:
histamine, heparin, and tryptase (specific)
48
HLA A3
Hemochromatosis
49
HLA B27
psoriatric arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, reactive (reiter) arthritis (PAIR)
50
HLA DQ2/8
Celiac
51
HLA DR4
Rheumatoid Arthritis
52
HLA DR2
Autoimmune type diseases: Goodpasture, SLE, MS, hay fever
53
HLA DR3
Graves and SLE
54
HLA DR3/4
Type I Diabetes
55
HLA DR 5
Pernicious anemia, Hashimoto
56
3 Actions of Antibodies
opsonize for phagocytosis, neutralize to prevent attachment, or activate complement to kill
57
Antibody: Idiotype
the specific antigen it binds
58
Antibody: Allotype
Minor changes in constant regions of Ab that are different in each person - IgG in one person will be different from another - Used in paternity testing
59
Antibody: Isotype
Class of antibody (E, M, D, G, A)
60
Antibody: Complement
Complement binds to Fc region of heavy chain
61
Antibody: Heavy chain
VDJ-C; Light chain: VJ
62
IgA
Prevents attachment to mucosa (does not fix complement)
63
IgE: Hypersensitivity vs Helminth
- If hypersensitivity reaction: then does not activate complement, only crosslinks and causes degranulation of Mast cells and basophils - If activated by TH2, then does complement to kill helminth
64
C3b
Opsonization (also done by IgG)
65
C5a
Neutrophil chemotaxis (also anaphylaxis)
66
DAF (CD55) and C1 esterase inhibitor
Prevent complement
67
Macrophages release:
IL-1, 6, 8, 12, TNFa
68
TH1 activates:
NK cells, Macrophages, and CTLs
69
TH2 effects:
B cell class switching and eosinophil recruitment - IgE/IgG (from IL 4) - IgA/eosinophils (from IL5)
70
CD40L on ______
Helper T cells
71
CD40 on ______
APCs (B cells)
72
Type III Hypersensitivity
antigen + soluble IgG + complement → complex → damage to tissue
73
MHC II
- extracellular antigen presentation | - loaded with antigen within an acidified endosome
74
ANCA
Anti- Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody
75
Immediate Hypersensitivity w/ Blood Transfusion
Seen w/ Selective IgA deficiency | patients often have IgG antibodies against IgA
76
Individuals with HLA haplotypes that cannot bind certain polypeptide fragments:
will be unable to mount a T-cell dependent (IgG, IgA) immune response against these antigens - unable to present an antigen if it cannot recognize it
77
Posterior calf and dorsolateral foot Drains to: _________ lymph nodes
Popliteal
78
Below pectinate line, and skin below umbilicus (except popliteal area) Drain to: _______ lymph nodes
Superficial Inguinal
79
Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, and Uterus Drain to: ________ lymph nodes
Para-aortic
80
Edema at a site of injury or inflammation
Endothelial tight junctions permeability is increased in response to injury and inflammation, allowing migration of white blood cells to site
81
C3 Deficiency
SLE
82
IL8
Chemotactic factor for neutrophils
83
Type III Hypersensitivity (5)
``` SLE Polyarteritis nodosa PSGN Arthus Reaction Serum Sickness ```
84
Type IV Hypersensitivity (5)
``` MS Guillain Barre PPD Graft vs Host Contact Dermatitis ```
85
Hyper IgE
AD Deficiency of TH17 due to STAT3 mutation --> impair neutrophil recruitment coarse facies, noninflamed staph abcesses, primary teeth rentention, eczema
86
SCID: X linked Mutation vs Auto Recessive Mutation
X linked: IL2R gamma chain problem (MC) | Auto recessive: Adenosine deaminase

Quick Notes for Step 1 (18 decks)

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