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Quick Notes for Step 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Bloodstream S. aureus Infections due to ___________

A

Use of intravascular devices/catheters

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2
Q

Pasteurella

A

From cat and dog bites –> acute soft tissue infection

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3
Q

SSPE (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)

A
  • Ataxia, myoclonus, visual problems, strange behavior
  • Rare complication of measles (with mutated or absent matrix protein) several years later
  • Viral nucleocapsids accumulate in neurons
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4
Q

Anti-hemagglutinin antibodies:

A

main mechanism to prevent re-infection with influenza virus

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5
Q

HIV Esophagitis

A
  • Candida: MC, adherent white pseudomembrane, erythematous base
  • HSV-1: punched out ulcers
  • CMV: linear ulceration
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6
Q

90 degree angle non-septate hyphae:

A

Mucormycosis and Rhizopus

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7
Q

45 degree angle septate hyphae:

A

Aspergillus

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8
Q

HBV (dsDNA virus):

A

Replicates by dsDNA → +RNA template → dsDNA progeny

- Replicates via reverse transcription even though it is a DNA virus

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9
Q

Rabies binds:

A

Ach receptors then travels retrograde to CNS

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10
Q

Sickle cell asplenic patients MC infected with:

A

MC infected with encapsulated organisms (s. pneumo mainly, and H. influenza 2nd MC)

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11
Q

_______ can be transmitted by Dogs/puppies

A

Campylobacter and Yersinia

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12
Q

_________ Ferments Mannitol

A

Staph aureus

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13
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating disease):

A

S. pyogenes, s. aureus, c. perfringens

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14
Q

Common Infection After Lung Transplants

A

CMV

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15
Q

Characteristics of Gm (-) Rods

A

inner and outer membrane, no nuclear membrane, not all are sensitive to penicillins

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16
Q

Papovavirus

A

Family of DNA viruses including polyoma and papilloma

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17
Q

Replicate in Nucleus

A
  • All DNA viruses except Pox

- Retrovirus and Influenza replicate in the nucleus

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18
Q

Replicate in Cytoplasm

A
  • All RNA viruses (except retro and influenza)

- Poxvirus (DNA virus)

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19
Q

Non-infectious

A
  • Pox and hepadna out of the DNA and all the –sense RNA were NOT infectious
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20
Q

Aspergillus

A

May have a “broom” like appearance on silver stain

- Does vascular invasion to facilitate disease

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21
Q

S. Japonicum

A

Intestinal schistosomiasis

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22
Q

S. Mansoni

A

Hepatic schistosomiasis

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23
Q

Naegleria Fowleri

A

amoeba in pools causing Meningoencephalitis in healthy swimmers/divers

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24
Q

Acanthamoeba

A

amoeba causing Meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients

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25
Q

Mumps in 1st trimester

A

(teratogenic) → aqueductal stenosis

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26
Q

Actinomyces Israelli

A

yellow sulfur granules (yellow pus), can be found in normal oral flora

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27
Q

Diphtheria Toxin

A

inactivates EF-2

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28
Q

Pertussis Toxin

A

ADP ribosylates Gi → increased cAMP

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29
Q

Adenovirus

A

MC viral cause of acute hemorrhagic cystitis

dsDNA virus so DNA dep DNA pos used to replicate its genome

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30
Q

Congenital CMV

A

blueberry muffin baby, periventricular calcifications, hearing loss

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31
Q

Congenital Rubella

A

blueberry muffin baby (TTP), cataracts, deafness, and PDA

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32
Q

Common in Daycares

A
  • Rotavirus is MC in daycares (no blood).

- Shigella is also common in daycares (bloody diarrhea)

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33
Q

Group D Strep (Enterococcus)

A

catalase (-), grows in hypertonic NaCl and in bile

- GU tract is MC portal of entry (procedures)

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34
Q

Novobiocin

A

Staph. Epidermis: sensitive

Saprophyticus: resistant

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35
Q

Bacitracin

A

S. pyogenes: Sensitive

Agalactiae (group B): Resistant

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36
Q

M protein

A

S. pyogenes; prevents phagocytosis

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37
Q

Optochin

A

S. pneumo: sensitive (also bile soluble)

Viridans: resistant

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38
Q

Post-strep GN after:

A

Strep skin or throat infection

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39
Q

Rheumatic Fever only after:

A

Strep Throat

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40
Q

CMV: AIDS vs Immunocompetent

A
  • Retinitis is the MC manifestation in AIDS patients, also esophageal ulcers
  • subclinical mono-like infection in immune competent
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41
Q

Envelope From Host Nuclear Membrane

A

Herpesviruses

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42
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  • blue green pus with fruity odor

- Aw/ cystic fibrosis very commonly, and burns

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43
Q

Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

A

nonhemolytic rough gray colonies

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44
Q

Reactive Arthritis

A
  • due to Chlamydia or Campylobacter

- Can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree (joint paint)

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45
Q

CAMP test

A

Done in infants for Group B Strep (agalactiae)

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46
Q

Malaria: 48 hour periodicity of fever spikes

A

p. Vivax and p. Ovale

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47
Q

Malaria: MC cause

A

p. Vivax

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48
Q

Malaria: Very severe hemolytic anemia, pulmonary edema, renal failure

A

p. Falciparum

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49
Q

Malaria: 72 hr fever cycle

A

p. Malariae

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50
Q

Thayer Martin

A

To culture Neisseria Gonorrhea

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51
Q

Yersinia Enterolytica

A

pseudoappendicitis (can be due to contaminated milk)

52
Q

Brucella Abortus

A

produces CGD and spontaneous abortions (from areas where there are cattle)

53
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

A
  • “walking “ pneumonia

- cold agglutinins (IgM) → mild anemia

54
Q

MC Causes of Conjunctivitis

A

haemophilus, staph aureus, step pneumo, and Moraxella

55
Q

Need Factors X and V for Growth

A
  • Haemophilus influenza

- Can co-culture with staph aureus on blood agar which will lyse blood cells and release factors needed for growth

56
Q

Maraviroc vs Enfurvitide

A

HIV Tx:
gp121 (maraviroc) is attachment
gp41 (enfurvatide) is penetration

57
Q

Rubella vs Measles: Rash

A
  • Rubella is a fine, non blotchy truncal rash (not as severe as measles)
  • Measles is blotchy, maculopapular and starts on the face and moves down
58
Q

Lipid A

A

responsible for the toxic properties of LPS of Gm(-) bacteria that cause sepsis and shock

59
Q

E. Coli: fimbria

A

Pyerlonephritis and cystitis

60
Q

E. Coli: K capsule

A

Meningitis and Pneumonia (resists complement and phagocytosis)

61
Q

E. Coli: LPS (lipid A)

A

Shock/sepsis

62
Q

Only organism w/ D-glutamate capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

63
Q

Candida Immune Defense

A
  • Local: T lymphocytes (common in HIV pts) and PPD skin test

- Disseminated: neutrophils (systemic disease more common in neutropenic)

64
Q

HIV Genome: gag pol env

A
  • Gag: p24 and p7

- Env: gp120 and gp41 (from gp 160)

65
Q

Segmented RNA viruses

A

orthomyxo (influenza) and reovirus (rotavirus)

- Capable of genetic shift through reassortment

66
Q

PYR + Test

A

S. pyogenes

67
Q

Leprosy Types:

A
  • Tuberculoid: + test, TH1 mediated, less severe/hypopigmented lesions w/out sensation
  • Lepramatous: - test (due to weak TH1 response), TH2 mediated, more severe/disseminated
  • acid fast bacilli that prefers cooler temperatures
68
Q

Malignant Otitis Media (MOE) in diabetics

A

Pseudomonas

69
Q

Paramyxoviruses

A

Measles Mumps, RSV, Parainfluenza

- All make multinucleated giant cells (fusion protein/F-protein)

70
Q

HIV binds:

A

CCR5 (early) or CXCR4 (late)

71
Q

Culture For H. Influenza

A

chocolate agar with factor V & X (NAD and hematin)

72
Q

Culture for Neisseria

A

Thayer martin or VPN (vanco, polymyxin, nystatin)

73
Q

Culture for Pertussis

A

Bordet-genou

74
Q

Culture for Diphtheria

A

Tellurite or Loffler

75
Q

Culture for TB

A

Lowenstein-jensen

76
Q

Culture for Mycoplasma

A

Eaton (requires cholesterol)

77
Q

Culture for Legionella

A

charcoal yeast extract w/ cysteine and iron

78
Q

Culture for Fungi

A

sabouraud

79
Q

Culture for Lactose Fermenting

A

MacConkey

E.coli: on EMB, green sheen

80
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Pseudomonas, Nocardia, TB

81
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

- foul smelling

82
Q

Obligate Intracellular

A

Chlamydia & Rickettsia (can’t make own ATP)

83
Q

Encapsulated Organisms

A

SHiNE SKiS

84
Q

Organisms w/ IgA Protease

A

SHiN

85
Q

Catalase +

A

(distinguish staph from strep)

  • my CAT’s SECS PAL is Burke the Cardiologist who has a HELICOpter
  • S. aureus, e. coli, candida, serratia, pseudomonas, aspergillus, listeria, burkholderia, norcardia, H.pylori
86
Q

Urease +

A

PS urease has CHUNKS

- Proteus, s. epidemis, Cryptococcus, h. pylori, ureaplasma, nocardia, klebsiella, saprophyticus

87
Q

“A” virulence factors: Lipid, Exotoxin, Protein

A
  • Lipid A: endotoxin part of gram (-) outer membranes; responsible for sepsis/shock
  • Exotoxin A (S. pyogenes: superantigen for toxic shock)
    (Pseudomonas: host cell death, inactivates EF-2)
  • Protein A: S. aureus, prevents opsonization and phagocytosis by binding Fc-IgG
88
Q

Lecithinase

A

C. Perfringens (phospholipase) – alpha toxin

- Gas gangrene and also food poisoning

89
Q

C. Diff Diarrhea: Mechanism

A

Cytoskeletal Actin Disruption

90
Q

Lactose Fermenting

A

Citrobacter, Klebsiella (fast), E. coli (fast), Enterobacter, Serratia

91
Q

Shigella vs Salmonella: Hydrogen Sulfide

A

Shigella cannot produce hydrogen sulfide, Salmonella can

92
Q

Oxidase +

A

Campylobacter, v. cholera, H. pylori, Pseudomonas

93
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

Severe diarrhea in HIV (watery in immune competent)

- Don’t confuse with Cryptococcus or Coccidiodes

94
Q

Tx for Toxoplasma Gondii

A

sulfadiazine + pyrimathamine

95
Q

Pneumocystis Jerovecii Prophylaxis

A

dapsone or atovaquone

96
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei:

A
  • African Sleeping Sickness
    Tx: Suramin (for blood borne) and melarsprol (for CNS penetration)
  • Rhodesiense: east (rapid)
  • Gambiense: west (chronic)
97
Q

Malaria Tx:

A
  • Start with Chloroquine
  • If resistant: mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil
  • If life threatening: IV Quinidine (unless G6PD)
  • If vivax or ovale: add Primaquine (for intrahepatic/hypnozoite stages)
98
Q

Tx for T. Cruzi

A

benznidazole or nifurtimox

99
Q

Enterobius vermicularis w/ Tx

A

Scotch tape test, perianal itch

Tx. Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

100
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides w/ Tx

A

Giant roundworm, ingested, tinkly sound

Tx. Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

101
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis w/ Tx

A

cutaneous infection

- Tx. Albendazole or Ivermecten

102
Q

Ancylostoma or Necator w/ Tx

A

(hookworms): suck blood from intestine → anemia

o Tx. Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

103
Q

Tx for Tapeworms and Flukes

A

Typically use praziquantal

  • If cysts from ingestion of organism eggs: use Albendazole
  • Preinject echinococcus cysts with alcohol to kill before removing
104
Q

Mucosal Biopsy necessary for:

A

Rhizopus/mucor (90 degree angles)

105
Q

HCV Envelope Proteins

A

Antigenic structure varies so much that production of host antibodies always lags behind

106
Q

Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase +

A

GAS (S. pyogenes)

107
Q

Dermacentor Tick Carries:

A

Rickettsia and Franciscella

108
Q

Ixodes Tick Carries:

A

Borrelia Burgdorferi, Babesia, and Anaplasma

109
Q

Morula in Cytoplasm

A

Anaplasma (granulocytes) or Erlichiosis (monocytes)

110
Q

Protein A of Staph Aureus

A

Binds Fc portion of IgG impairing complement activation, opsonization, and phagocytosis

111
Q

HBV and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A

Viral DNA integration into host genome hepatocytes triggers neoplastic change

112
Q

STD: Lack of peptidoglycan in cell wall

A

Chlamydia
Ureaplasma lacks a cell wall completely
- this is why ceftriaxone does not work, must use azithromycin

113
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa is commonly aw/:

A

HBV

114
Q

Neonatal Exposure to HBV (from an HBeAg+ mother)

A

High risk of chronic infection, high levels of replication (due to immature immune system), but only mildly elevated liver enzymes

115
Q

Parvovirus in Adults

A

arthritis (mimics RA)

116
Q

E. Histolytica

A

Abdominal pain, cramping, and bloody diarrhea

Trophozoites are multinucleate and typically possess phagocytosed erythrocytes within cytoplasm

117
Q

Salmonella: Appearance

A

Gm (-) rods

118
Q

Vesicles of HSV1

A

All should contain the same virus so same appearance on a gel

119
Q

Acid Fast, grows at 41 degrees

A

MAC

- disseminated infection in HIV+ patients with less than 50 CD4

120
Q

Pyocyanin of Pseudomonas

A

Functions fro generate ROS to kill competing microbes

121
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Water contaminated with animal urine
Common in surfers and in tropics
Photophobia with conjunctival suffusion, jaundice, flulike sx
-Weil disease- severe form with jaundice and azotemia

122
Q

Liver abscess (anchovy paste), flask shaped ulcers in colon

A

Entamoeba histolytica

- RBCs in cytoplasm

123
Q

Hg fever, black vomitus, jaundice

A

Yellow fever

124
Q

Hairy Leukoplakia aw/

A

EBV

125
Q

Macular rash and febrile seizure in infant

A

HHV6 roseola

126
Q

Jarisch-Herxheimer

A

Reaction to release of bacterial pyrogens following antibacterial use

Quick Notes for Step 1 (18 decks)

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