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Quick Notes for Step 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Bloodstream S. aureus Infections due to ___________

A

Use of intravascular devices/catheters

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2
Q

Pasteurella

A

From cat and dog bites –> acute soft tissue infection

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3
Q

SSPE (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)

A
  • Ataxia, myoclonus, visual problems, strange behavior
  • Rare complication of measles (with mutated or absent matrix protein) several years later
  • Viral nucleocapsids accumulate in neurons
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4
Q

Anti-hemagglutinin antibodies:

A

main mechanism to prevent re-infection with influenza virus

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5
Q

HIV Esophagitis

A
  • Candida: MC, adherent white pseudomembrane, erythematous base
  • HSV-1: punched out ulcers
  • CMV: linear ulceration
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6
Q

90 degree angle non-septate hyphae:

A

Mucormycosis and Rhizopus

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7
Q

45 degree angle septate hyphae:

A

Aspergillus

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8
Q

HBV (dsDNA virus):

A

Replicates by dsDNA → +RNA template → dsDNA progeny

- Replicates via reverse transcription even though it is a DNA virus

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9
Q

Rabies binds:

A

Ach receptors then travels retrograde to CNS

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10
Q

Sickle cell asplenic patients MC infected with:

A

MC infected with encapsulated organisms (s. pneumo mainly, and H. influenza 2nd MC)

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11
Q

_______ can be transmitted by Dogs/puppies

A

Campylobacter and Yersinia

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12
Q

_________ Ferments Mannitol

A

Staph aureus

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13
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating disease):

A

S. pyogenes, s. aureus, c. perfringens

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14
Q

Common Infection After Lung Transplants

A

CMV

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15
Q

Characteristics of Gm (-) Rods

A

inner and outer membrane, no nuclear membrane, not all are sensitive to penicillins

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16
Q

Papovavirus

A

Family of DNA viruses including polyoma and papilloma

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17
Q

Replicate in Nucleus

A
  • All DNA viruses except Pox

- Retrovirus and Influenza replicate in the nucleus

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18
Q

Replicate in Cytoplasm

A
  • All RNA viruses (except retro and influenza)

- Poxvirus (DNA virus)

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19
Q

Non-infectious

A
  • Pox and hepadna out of the DNA and all the –sense RNA were NOT infectious
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20
Q

Aspergillus

A

May have a “broom” like appearance on silver stain

- Does vascular invasion to facilitate disease

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21
Q

S. Japonicum

A

Intestinal schistosomiasis

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22
Q

S. Mansoni

A

Hepatic schistosomiasis

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23
Q

Naegleria Fowleri

A

amoeba in pools causing Meningoencephalitis in healthy swimmers/divers

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24
Q

Acanthamoeba

A

amoeba causing Meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients

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25
Mumps in 1st trimester
(teratogenic) → aqueductal stenosis
26
Actinomyces Israelli
yellow sulfur granules (yellow pus), can be found in normal oral flora
27
Diphtheria Toxin
inactivates EF-2
28
Pertussis Toxin
ADP ribosylates Gi → increased cAMP
29
Adenovirus
MC viral cause of acute hemorrhagic cystitis | dsDNA virus so DNA dep DNA pos used to replicate its genome
30
Congenital CMV
blueberry muffin baby, periventricular calcifications, hearing loss
31
Congenital Rubella
blueberry muffin baby (TTP), cataracts, deafness, and PDA
32
Common in Daycares
- Rotavirus is MC in daycares (no blood). | - Shigella is also common in daycares (bloody diarrhea)
33
Group D Strep (Enterococcus)
catalase (-), grows in hypertonic NaCl and in bile | - GU tract is MC portal of entry (procedures)
34
Novobiocin
Staph. Epidermis: sensitive | Saprophyticus: resistant
35
Bacitracin
S. pyogenes: Sensitive | Agalactiae (group B): Resistant
36
M protein
S. pyogenes; prevents phagocytosis
37
Optochin
S. pneumo: sensitive (also bile soluble) | Viridans: resistant
38
Post-strep GN after:
Strep skin or throat infection
39
Rheumatic Fever only after:
Strep Throat
40
CMV: AIDS vs Immunocompetent
- Retinitis is the MC manifestation in AIDS patients, also esophageal ulcers - subclinical mono-like infection in immune competent
41
Envelope From Host Nuclear Membrane
Herpesviruses
42
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- blue green pus with fruity odor | - Aw/ cystic fibrosis very commonly, and burns
43
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
nonhemolytic rough gray colonies
44
Reactive Arthritis
- due to Chlamydia or Campylobacter | - Can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree (joint paint)
45
CAMP test
Done in infants for Group B Strep (agalactiae)
46
Malaria: 48 hour periodicity of fever spikes
p. Vivax and p. Ovale
47
Malaria: MC cause
p. Vivax
48
Malaria: Very severe hemolytic anemia, pulmonary edema, renal failure
p. Falciparum
49
Malaria: 72 hr fever cycle
p. Malariae
50
Thayer Martin
To culture Neisseria Gonorrhea
51
Yersinia Enterolytica
pseudoappendicitis (can be due to contaminated milk)
52
Brucella Abortus
produces CGD and spontaneous abortions (from areas where there are cattle)
53
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
- “walking “ pneumonia | - cold agglutinins (IgM) → mild anemia
54
MC Causes of Conjunctivitis
haemophilus, staph aureus, step pneumo, and Moraxella
55
Need Factors X and V for Growth
- Haemophilus influenza | - Can co-culture with staph aureus on blood agar which will lyse blood cells and release factors needed for growth
56
Maraviroc vs Enfurvitide
HIV Tx: gp121 (maraviroc) is attachment gp41 (enfurvatide) is penetration
57
Rubella vs Measles: Rash
- Rubella is a fine, non blotchy truncal rash (not as severe as measles) - Measles is blotchy, maculopapular and starts on the face and moves down
58
Lipid A
responsible for the toxic properties of LPS of Gm(-) bacteria that cause sepsis and shock
59
E. Coli: fimbria
Pyerlonephritis and cystitis
60
E. Coli: K capsule
Meningitis and Pneumonia (resists complement and phagocytosis)
61
E. Coli: LPS (lipid A)
Shock/sepsis
62
Only organism w/ D-glutamate capsule
Bacillus anthracis
63
Candida Immune Defense
- Local: T lymphocytes (common in HIV pts) and PPD skin test | - Disseminated: neutrophils (systemic disease more common in neutropenic)
64
HIV Genome: gag pol env
- Gag: p24 and p7 | - Env: gp120 and gp41 (from gp 160)
65
Segmented RNA viruses
orthomyxo (influenza) and reovirus (rotavirus) | - Capable of genetic shift through reassortment
66
PYR + Test
S. pyogenes
67
Leprosy Types:
- Tuberculoid: + test, TH1 mediated, less severe/hypopigmented lesions w/out sensation - Lepramatous: - test (due to weak TH1 response), TH2 mediated, more severe/disseminated - acid fast bacilli that prefers cooler temperatures
68
Malignant Otitis Media (MOE) in diabetics
Pseudomonas
69
Paramyxoviruses
Measles Mumps, RSV, Parainfluenza | - All make multinucleated giant cells (fusion protein/F-protein)
70
HIV binds:
CCR5 (early) or CXCR4 (late)
71
Culture For H. Influenza
chocolate agar with factor V & X (NAD and hematin)
72
Culture for Neisseria
Thayer martin or VPN (vanco, polymyxin, nystatin)
73
Culture for Pertussis
Bordet-genou
74
Culture for Diphtheria
Tellurite or Loffler
75
Culture for TB
Lowenstein-jensen
76
Culture for Mycoplasma
Eaton (requires cholesterol)
77
Culture for Legionella
charcoal yeast extract w/ cysteine and iron
78
Culture for Fungi
sabouraud
79
Culture for Lactose Fermenting
MacConkey | E.coli: on EMB, green sheen
80
Obligate Aerobes
Pseudomonas, Nocardia, TB
81
Obligate Anaerobes
Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium | - foul smelling
82
Obligate Intracellular
Chlamydia & Rickettsia (can’t make own ATP)
83
Encapsulated Organisms
SHiNE SKiS
84
Organisms w/ IgA Protease
SHiN
85
Catalase +
(distinguish staph from strep) - my CAT’s SECS PAL is Burke the Cardiologist who has a HELICOpter - S. aureus, e. coli, candida, serratia, pseudomonas, aspergillus, listeria, burkholderia, norcardia, H.pylori
86
Urease +
PS urease has CHUNKS | - Proteus, s. epidemis, Cryptococcus, h. pylori, ureaplasma, nocardia, klebsiella, saprophyticus
87
"A" virulence factors: Lipid, Exotoxin, Protein
- Lipid A: endotoxin part of gram (-) outer membranes; responsible for sepsis/shock - Exotoxin A (S. pyogenes: superantigen for toxic shock) (Pseudomonas: host cell death, inactivates EF-2) - Protein A: S. aureus, prevents opsonization and phagocytosis by binding Fc-IgG
88
Lecithinase
C. Perfringens (phospholipase) – alpha toxin | - Gas gangrene and also food poisoning
89
C. Diff Diarrhea: Mechanism
Cytoskeletal Actin Disruption
90
Lactose Fermenting
Citrobacter, Klebsiella (fast), E. coli (fast), Enterobacter, Serratia
91
Shigella vs Salmonella: Hydrogen Sulfide
Shigella cannot produce hydrogen sulfide, Salmonella can
92
Oxidase +
Campylobacter, v. cholera, H. pylori, Pseudomonas
93
Cryptosporidium
Severe diarrhea in HIV (watery in immune competent) | - Don’t confuse with Cryptococcus or Coccidiodes
94
Tx for Toxoplasma Gondii
sulfadiazine + pyrimathamine
95
Pneumocystis Jerovecii Prophylaxis
dapsone or atovaquone
96
Trypanosoma Brucei:
- African Sleeping Sickness Tx: Suramin (for blood borne) and melarsprol (for CNS penetration) - Rhodesiense: east (rapid) - Gambiense: west (chronic)
97
Malaria Tx:
- Start with Chloroquine - If resistant: mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil - If life threatening: IV Quinidine (unless G6PD) - If vivax or ovale: add Primaquine (for intrahepatic/hypnozoite stages)
98
Tx for T. Cruzi
benznidazole or nifurtimox
99
Enterobius vermicularis w/ Tx
Scotch tape test, perianal itch | Tx. Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
100
Ascaris Lumbricoides w/ Tx
Giant roundworm, ingested, tinkly sound | Tx. Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
101
Strongyloides stercoralis w/ Tx
cutaneous infection | - Tx. Albendazole or Ivermecten
102
Ancylostoma or Necator w/ Tx
(hookworms): suck blood from intestine → anemia | o Tx. Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
103
Tx for Tapeworms and Flukes
Typically use praziquantal - If cysts from ingestion of organism eggs: use Albendazole - Preinject echinococcus cysts with alcohol to kill before removing
104
Mucosal Biopsy necessary for:
Rhizopus/mucor (90 degree angles)
105
HCV Envelope Proteins
Antigenic structure varies so much that production of host antibodies always lags behind
106
Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase +
GAS (S. pyogenes)
107
Dermacentor Tick Carries:
Rickettsia and Franciscella
108
Ixodes Tick Carries:
Borrelia Burgdorferi, Babesia, and Anaplasma
109
Morula in Cytoplasm
Anaplasma (granulocytes) or Erlichiosis (monocytes)
110
Protein A of Staph Aureus
Binds Fc portion of IgG impairing complement activation, opsonization, and phagocytosis
111
HBV and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Viral DNA integration into host genome hepatocytes triggers neoplastic change
112
STD: Lack of peptidoglycan in cell wall
Chlamydia Ureaplasma lacks a cell wall completely - this is why ceftriaxone does not work, must use azithromycin
113
Polyarteritis Nodosa is commonly aw/:
HBV
114
Neonatal Exposure to HBV (from an HBeAg+ mother)
High risk of chronic infection, high levels of replication (due to immature immune system), but only mildly elevated liver enzymes
115
Parvovirus in Adults
arthritis (mimics RA)
116
E. Histolytica
Abdominal pain, cramping, and bloody diarrhea | Trophozoites are multinucleate and typically possess phagocytosed erythrocytes within cytoplasm
117
Salmonella: Appearance
Gm (-) rods
118
Vesicles of HSV1
All should contain the same virus so same appearance on a gel
119
Acid Fast, grows at 41 degrees
MAC | - disseminated infection in HIV+ patients with less than 50 CD4
120
Pyocyanin of Pseudomonas
Functions fro generate ROS to kill competing microbes
121
Leptospirosis
Water contaminated with animal urine Common in surfers and in tropics Photophobia with conjunctival suffusion, jaundice, flulike sx -Weil disease- severe form with jaundice and azotemia
122
Liver abscess (anchovy paste), flask shaped ulcers in colon
Entamoeba histolytica | - RBCs in cytoplasm
123
Hg fever, black vomitus, jaundice
Yellow fever
124
Hairy Leukoplakia aw/
EBV
125
Macular rash and febrile seizure in infant
HHV6 roseola
126
Jarisch-Herxheimer
Reaction to release of bacterial pyrogens following antibacterial use

Quick Notes for Step 1 (18 decks)

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