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Quick Notes for Step 1 > Behavioral Science/Ethics > Flashcards

Behavioral Science/Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Case-Control Study

A

Control includes any subject WITHOUT disease regardless of exposure

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2
Q

Attrition bias

A

(loss of subjects in the middle of a study) is a form of selection bias

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3
Q

Lead-time Bias

A

Diagnosing a disease earlier so it seems like increased survival

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4
Q

Informed Consent Should be Obtained by _________

A

The person performing the procedure

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5
Q

Prenatal care for a minor ________

A

Does not require consent

-Neither does contraceptives, emergencies, or STDs

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6
Q

Hospice requires _______

A

Prognosis of less than 6 months

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7
Q

For Screening Tests: high _________

A

Sensitivity (to rule out disease)

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8
Q

For Confirmatory Tests: high _______

A

Specificity (to rule in disease)

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9
Q

Number needed to treat

A

Inverse of absolute risk reduction

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10
Q

Relative Risk (RR) and Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

A 
RR = Risk in exposed/ Risk in unexposed
RRR = 1- RR
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11
Q

Standard Error

A

Decreases as sample size increases

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12
Q

Constructing Table

A
  • Disease on top (+ - )

- Test on side (+ - )

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13
Q

Sensitivity

A

true +/ all diseased (rule out)

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14
Q

Specificity

A

true - / all normal (rule in)

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15
Q

Positive predictive value

A

PPV = true + / all +

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16
Q

Negative predictive value

A

NPV = true - / all –

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17
Q

Confidence interval

A

Significant if it does not contain 0 (null value)

  • 95%: mean +/- 1.96*SD/sqrt(n)
  • 99%: mean +/-2.58*SD/sqrt(n)
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18
Q

Power = 1-Beta

A
  • Beta corresponds to a type II error (saying that there IS NO difference when one exists)
  • Power is the probability of concluding that there IS a difference, when it DOES exist
  • Increases with sample size
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19
Q

Prevalence with PPV and NPV

A

PPV changes in the direction of prevalence (increased prevalence means increased PPV, but sensitivity and specificity don’t change)
NPV would decrease

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20
Q

Case Control

A
  • The odd of exposure to a certain characteristic is compared between affected/diseased individuals and unaffected (controls)
  • Exposure odds ratio
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21
Q

Cohort Study

A
  • Individuals with and without exposures are followed over time to determine the disease incidence
  • Relative risk
  • Prospective or Retrospective
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22
Q

Analysis Types

A
  • Test: for 2 groups
  • ANOVA (analysis of variance): for more than 2 groups
  • Chi-square: comparing categories
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23
Q

Number Needed to Harm

A

1/ attributable risk

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24
Q

Relative Risk

A

(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)

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25
Q

Attributable Risk

A

(a/a+b)-(c/c+d)

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26
Q

Odds Ratio

A

ad/bc
OR greater than 1 signifies increases odds/risk/likelihood so If the 95% CI range does not include 1, then the difference is statistically significant

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27
Q

Precision and Accuracy

A 
Precision = reliability
Accuracy = correctness
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28
Q

Lowering the cutoff point increases _______

A

Sensitivity

29
Q

ARP Exposed (attributable risk percent in exposed)

A

100*(RR-1/RR)

30
Q

Matching

A

A method used in case-control studies to reduce Confounding bias

31
Q

Sensitivity

A

(a)/(a+c)

32
Q

Specificity

A

(d)/(b+d)

33
Q

Drug Trial Phases: I-IV

A

I: safe?
II: effective?
III: better than current?
IV: safe long term?

34
Q

Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)

A

= standard deviation/ sqrt(sample size)

35
Q

Positive Skew

A

Mean will be higher than median because longer tail on right

36
Q

Negative Skew

A

Mean will be lower than median because of longer tail on left

37
Q

Type I error (alpha)

A

False Positive (telling a man he is pregnant)

38
Q

Type II error (1- beta)

A

False Negative (telling a very pregnant woman she is not pregnant)

39
Q

If the Confidence Intervals between 2 groups overlaps:

A

No significant difference exists

40
Q

If the Confidence Intervals between 2 groups does not overlap:

A

Significant difference exists

41
Q

If the 95% CI for a mean difference includes 0

A

No significant Difference

42
Q

If the 95% CI for odds ratio or relative risk includes 1

A

No difference between the compared things

43
Q

Medicare

A

Elderly and End stage renal disease

44
Q

Medicaid

A

Low income

45
Q

Minors do not need parental consent if: (3)

A

Legally emancipated

married, military, or self supporting

46
Q

Situations where parental consent is not needed: (3)

A

STDs/contraception/prenatal care
Addiction
Emergency/trauma

47
Q

Exceptions to Confidentiality:

A

Potential harm to others or to self

Reportable diseases, child or elder abuse, impair automobile drivers

48
Q

Reportable Diseases

A

STDs, TB, hepatitis, food poisoning

- physician warns public official who notifies people at risk

49
Q

Apgar Score

A
  • Total of 10, at least 7 qualifies as good
  • assess at 1 min and 5 min
    Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
50
Q

Low Birth Weight

A

less than 2500 g

51
Q

Suicide Rate: increased in ________

A

white men greater than 85 yrs

52
Q

Death before 1 yr of age

A

Congenital defect, preterm, or SIDS

53
Q

Cubes Stacked

A

age* 3

54
Q

Tricycle

A

3 yrs

55
Q

Hopping on 1 foot

A

4 yrs

56
Q

Buttons, Zippers, or Grooming Self

A

5 yrs

57
Q

Drawing (circle, line, or stick figure)

A

4 yrs

58
Q

Imaginary Friends

A

4 yrs

59
Q

Cooperative Play

A

4 yrs

60
Q

Parallel Play

A

2-3 yrs

61
Q

1000 words/ Complete sentences

A

3 yrs/4yrs

62
Q

Stranger anxiety vs Separation anxiety

A

Stranger: 6 mon
Separation: 9 mon

63
Q

Pincer Grasp

A

10 mon

64
Q

200 words/2 words

A

2 yrs

65
Q

Feeds self w/ fork and spoon

A

~2 yrs

66
Q

Effect Modification

A

When the effect of an exposure on an outcome is affected by another variable
- NOT a bias

67
Q

ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic)

A

Sensitivity (true positive) vs 1- Specificity (false positive)
- area under curve represents the accuracy of the test
(should look like a myoglobin curve)

68
Q

Open Label Trial

A

Clinical trial in which you know you are getting the drug (not blinded)

69
Q

Case Series

A

No control in study

Quick Notes for Step 1 (18 decks)

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