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Ane Class Practice > Patho Respiratory-S3 > Flashcards

Patho Respiratory-S3 Flashcards

1
Q

Movement of air into and out of the lungs?

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

Movement of gases between air spaces in the lungs and the bloodstream?

A

Diffusion

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3
Q

Movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to body organs and tissues?

A

Perfusion

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4
Q

Pulmonary system does what two things?

A

Ventilation and Diffusion

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5
Q

Cardiovascular system does what?

A

Perfusion

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6
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

Diaphragm

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7
Q

Epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid cartilages?

A

Unpaired

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8
Q

Artyenoids, corniculates, cuneiform cartilages?

A

Paired

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9
Q

What type nerves supply the larynx?

A

Superior and inferior(recurrent) laryngeal nerves

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10
Q

Which nerve divides into external and internal branches?

A

Superior

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11
Q

Which nerve divides into left and right?

A

Inferior(recurrent)

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12
Q

Which nerve segment does inferior constrictor muscles of the pharynx and cricothyroid muscles. Lengthens or increases tension and damage leads to hoarseness?

A

External segment

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13
Q

Which nerve enters the larynx and provides sensation to epiglottis down to vocal cords. Damage leads to difficulty phonating and full paralysis?

A

Internal segment

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14
Q

This nerve descends with the vagus nerve and loops around the arch of the aorta?

A

Left nerve

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15
Q

This nerve travels with the vagus to subclavian artery and loops back up to the neck?

A

Right nerve

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16
Q

Blood supply to the larynx is from what?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid artery

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17
Q

This bronchus takes off at 25 degrees from trachea
Divides into 3 lobar bronchi
2-2.5 cm from the carina.

A

Right Bronchus

Most common

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18
Q

This bronchus takes at 45 degrees from trachea
Divides into 2 lobar bronchi
mainstem is 4cm

A

Left Bronchus

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19
Q

This is the space between the lungs, containing the heart, great vessels and esophagus?

A

Mediastinum

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20
Q

The conducting airways which move air in and out contain?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

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21
Q

What connects the larynx to the bronchi?

A

Trachea

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22
Q

This is the ridge where the trachea divides into the right left bronchi?

A

Carina

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23
Q

This is where the right and left bronchi enter the lungs, along with blood and lymph vessels?

A

Hila

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24
Q

These cells produce mucus?

A

Goblet cells,
1L produced daily

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25
Q

These hairlike structures help propel foreign material upwards?

A

Cilia

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26
Q

The first generation of the lung lobes is called?

A

Mainstem

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27
Q

The third generation of the lung is the?

A

Segmental bronchi

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28
Q

These are the last structure perfused by the bronchial circulation and the end of the conducting airways?

A

Terminal bronchioles
16

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29
Q

Terminal bronchioles lead to ____ that are perfused by pulmonary circulation?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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30
Q

First site of gas exchange begins where?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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31
Q

What comes after the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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32
Q

The gas exchange airways are?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli (Acinus)

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33
Q

Primary gas exchange units are?

A

Alveoli (acinus)

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34
Q

These are the mean of collateral ventilation, equalize pressure and prevent lung collapse?

A

Pores of Kohn

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35
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

Structure

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36
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Surfactant production, prevent lung collapse, contain macrophages

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37
Q

2 primary functions of respiratory airways and alveolar membrane?

A
  1. Transport of respiratory gases
  2. Production of a wide variety of local and humoral substances.
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38
Q

Conducting zone contains what?

A

The nose to the terminal bronchioles

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39
Q

If your patient cannot exceed dead space you are ventilating but not__?

A

Respirating

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40
Q

Gases in non-respiratory airways?

A

Anatomic deadspace

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41
Q

Non-perfused alveoli is what deadspace?
Approx: 2 mL/kg

A

Alveolar deadspace

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42
Q

The respiratory zone is comprised of ?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Sacs
Alveoli
WHERE GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS

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43
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Sacs
Alveoli

44
Q

Which vascular system delivers mixed blood from right ventricle via 2 pulmonary arteries and after gas exchange to left atrium via 4 pulmonary veins?

A

Pulmonary vascular system

45
Q

This capillary system adequately provides the metabolic and oxygen needs of the alvolar parenchyma?

A

Pulmonary capillary system

46
Q

This vascular system provides oxygen to the conductive airways and pulmonary vessels?

A

Bronchial vascular system

Absolute shunt of 2-5% CO

47
Q

This circulation facilitates gas exchange.
Delivers nutrients to lung tissue
Blood reservoir for left ventricle
Filtering system, removes clots and air.

A

Pulmonary Circulation
Lower pressure than system

48
Q

Pulmonary artery divides and enters the lung at the __?

A

Hilum

49
Q

This is formed by shared alveolar and capillary walls and is where gas exchange occurs?

A

Alveolocapillary membrane
Gas exchange occurs here

50
Q

Which membrane is responsible for gas exchange?

A

Alveolocapillary membrane

51
Q

Gas exchange airways are served by the ___ circulation?

A

Pulmonary
Seperate divison of circulatory system

52
Q

Bronchi and other lung structures are served by a branch of the systemic circulation?

A

Bronchial circulation
1% CO
No gas exchange

53
Q

PA>Pa>Pv

A

Zone 1
collapse

54
Q

Pa>PA>Pv

A

Zone 2
Waterfall

55
Q

Pa>Pv>PA

A

Zone 3
Distention

56
Q

Which zone contains alveolar deadspace?

A

Zone 1

57
Q

Normal V/Q ratio?

A

0.8

58
Q

Anatomic shunt
V/Q is 0
Cannot correct with increased Fi02
Which shunt?

A

Absolute shunt

59
Q

Low but finite V/Q ratio
can partially correct with increased Fi02
Which shunt?

A

Relative shunt

60
Q

Effects of anesthesia on gas exchange?

A

Increased deadspace
hypoventilation
increased shunting
increased scatered V/Q ratio
Atelectasis
Hypoxic vasoconstriction 2 MAC
Prolonged high Fi02 >0.5 increase absolute shunt

61
Q

Most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction?

A

Low Pa02

62
Q

Membrane covering the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

63
Q

Membrane lining the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal pleura

64
Q

Minute volume calculation?

A

RR x TV

65
Q

Alveolar ventilation is measured by what?

A

ABG

66
Q

Respiratory center is located where?

A

In the brainstem, Pons specifically

67
Q

Dorsal respiratory group does what?

A

Sets basic automatic rhythm, receives impulses from peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies.

68
Q

Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers are located where?

A

Pons. Modify depth and rate of breathing

69
Q

Reflects PaC02
Stimulated by H+ in CSF
Increases respiratory rate and depth

A

Central chemoreceptors

70
Q

Located in aorta and carotid bodies
Stimulated by hypoxemia (PaO2)
Responsible for increase in ventilation

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

71
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located where?

A

medulla and brainstem

72
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where?

A

Carotid bodies and aorta body.

Glossopharyngeal nerve

73
Q

These receptors are sensitive to noxious substances and cause cough, bronchoconstriction and increased RR?

A

Irritant receptors

74
Q

These receptors protect against excess lung inflation and decrease RR and volume?

A

Stretch receptors

75
Q

These receptors are sensitive to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, shallow breathing, laryngeal constriction?

A

Juxtapulmonary capillary receptors
J

76
Q

These receptors cause smooth muscles to contract and control airway caliber?

A

Parasympathetic

77
Q

These receptors cause smooth muscles to relax?

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

What are the major muscles of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

79
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid and scalene

80
Q

Accessory muscles of expiration?

A

Abdominal and internal intercostal
NO major muscles as this is passive

81
Q

Surfactant does what to surface tension?

A

Reduces surface tension to keep alveoli open and free of fluid

82
Q

Low compliance is associated with?

A

Increased work of inspiration and stiff lungs

83
Q

High compliance is associated with?

A

Increased work of expiration, easy to inflate and lost some elastic recoil

84
Q

Four steps of delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body?

A
  1. ventilation of lungs
  2. diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into capillary blood
  3. perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
  4. diffusion of oxygen from systemic capillaries into cells
85
Q

Perfusion exceeds ventilation where?

A

Base of lungs

86
Q

Ventilation exceeds perfusion where?

A

Apex of lungs

87
Q

What determines arterial oxygenation?

A

hemoglobin
oxygen content

88
Q

Right shift of oxyhemoglobin?

A

Decreased affinity= more unloading
Low pH
high CO2
high temp
high 2-3 DPG

89
Q

Left shift of oxyhemoglobin?

A

Increased affinity
High pH
low CO2
low temp
low 2-3 DPG
methemoglobin
Fetal hemoglobin

90
Q

Sickle cell anemia associated with which shift oxyhemoglobin?

A

Right shift

91
Q

The oxyhemoglobin curve becomes very steep where?

A

90% or 60mmHg of O2

92
Q

Normal P50?

A

26-27 mmHg

93
Q

> 27mmHg p50 means?

A

Right shift

94
Q

<26mmHg p50 means?

A

Left shift

95
Q

CO2 carried in the blood in what 3 forms?

A

Bicarbonate 60%
With proteins 30%
Dissolved 10%

96
Q

Deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry CO2 is called what?

A

Haldane effect

97
Q

Most important storage source of oxygen?

A

O2 contained in the lungs at FRC

98
Q

Increased dead space
hypoventilation
increased intrapulmonary shunting
increased V/Q ratio
Atelectasis
all associated with what?

A

Anesthesia effects

99
Q

The volume of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiration, only lung volume not measured with a spirometer?

A

Residual volume

100
Q

Lung volume at which the small airways in dependent parts of the lung begin to close?

A

Closing Capacity

ACLSS

101
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following maximal inspiration?

A

Vital capacity

102
Q

Volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration?

A

Total lung capacity

103
Q

The volume of air remaining in the lung at the end of a normal expiration?

A

Functional residual capacity FRC

104
Q

Problems with inspiration?
Called

A

Extrathoracic

105
Q

Problems with expiration?
Called

A

Intrathoracic

Ane Class Practice (26 decks)

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