Path review2 Flashcards
flat lesion under .5 cm
macule
flat lesion over .5 cm
patch
small elevated lesion
papule
solid lesion larger than .5 cm
nodule
small blister
vesicle
large blister
bullae
large elevated flat topped area
plaque
epidermal hyperplasia
acanthosis
retention of nuclei in stratum corneum
parakaratosis
loss of cellular connections
acantholysis
increased intercellular edema
spongiosis
effect of sun exposure on melanocytes
increases number
cell type: basal layer, small halo
melanocytes
differences between nevis and melanoma
melanoma: multicolored, larger, irregular borders, asymmetrical, andy “change”
“pagetoid spread”
melanoma
focal melanocyte hyperplasia
lentigo
gives a near 100% chance of melanoma
dysplastic nevi syndrome
most important prognostic indicators (2)of melanoma
sentinal lymph node and depth of invasion
def: eburnation
polished bone
eburantion found in
OA
distal joint involved in which arthritis
OA
osteophytes found in:
OA
morning pain in which arthritis
RA
HLA-DR4 associated with
RA
HLA B27 diagnostic for
ankylosing spondy
joints fused in ankylosing spondy
veterbrae, sacro-iliac
conjunctivitis, urethritis, peripherial arthritis and skin pustles
reiter’s syndrome
bad prognosis in psoriatic arthritis
HLA B27
dislocation, DIP joints involved, possible bone collapse for bone resorbtion
psoriatic arthritis
major bugs in septic arthritis
staph A, N gonorrhea, TB
crystal in actual gout
urate salts (needle shaped)
crystal type and shape in pseudogout
calcium pyrophosphate, rhomboid
major clinical diff between gout and pseudogout
gout is usually big toe, pseudogout can be any
mutation in achondroplasia
FGFR3
lethal homozygosity
achondroplasia
effect of FGFR3 mutation in achrondroplasia
constantly activated, which inhibits chondroblasts, leading to decreased long bone growth
collagen defect in ostogenesis imperfecta
type I
blue schlera found in
OI
deficiency in carbonic anydrase II
osteopetrosis
bone is thickened but weak
osteopetrosis
test for osteoperosis
DEXA scan
fractures found in osteoperosis
verterbra and femoral neck
increased bone remodeling in older people
Paget’s disease
chalk stick fracture, deafness, increased hat size
Paget’s disease
Paget’s disease has a risk of
osteosarcoma and giant cell tumor of bone
fancy term for rickets
osteomalacia
signs of rickets in kids
bowed legs and rib nodules
brown tumor in lungs a sign of
parathyroidism
cause of secondary hyperPTH
hypocalcemia
organ malfunction that can lead to hyperPTH
kidney (renal osteodysttophy)
causes of avascular necrosis
fracture, chronic steroids, thromboembolism, vasculitis, sickle cell
radiological findings in avascular necrosis
flattening of articular surfaces
places to find avascular necrosis
shoulder,knee, hip, scaphoid
most common cancers that met to bone
breast, lung, thyroid (follicular), kidney (renal cell) and prostate (osteoblastic)
most common benign bone tumor
osteochondroma
medullary cavity communicates with tumor medullary cavity
osteochondroma
smaller cartilige cap (< 1.5 cm)
osteochondroma
larger cartilage (>1.5cm) cap
chondrosarcoma
benign neoplasm of older pts
endchondoma
signs endochondroma has become malignant
pain, bony erosion or extension to soft tissue
benign but locally aggressive tumor
giant cell tumor
giant cell tumors arise in the
epiphysis
translocation in Ewing’s Sarcoma
11:22 (Fli-1/EWS)
bimodal age distribution malignant tumor
osteosarcoma
periostial elevaltion
osteosarcoma
invades bone and soft tissue
chondrosarcoma
highly aggressive bone cancer
osteosarcoma
usually effects the knee (bone cancer)
osteosarcoma
usually effets long bones and pelvis of kids
ewing’s
fried egg histology
ewing’s
PTCH mutation
gorlin
acoutsic neuroma, meningiomas
NFII
2/22 translocation
muir torre
autosomal recessive skin syndrome
XP
seizures, mental retardation, angiofibroblastomas, rhabdo
tuberous schlerosis
skin syndrome with risk of breast and thyroid cancer
cowden’s disease
neuromas cafe au lait spots lisch nodules
NFI
hamartin and tuberin mutation
tuberous schlerosis
pathway of PTCH mutation
PTCH/SMO normally bound unless activited by SHH. In mutation thay are always unbound, leading to unregulated cell growth –> basal cell carcinoma
urticaria is what kind of hypersensitivity reaction
type 1
type of hypersensitivy reaction in contact dermatitis/eczema
IV
targeted lesions
erythema multiforme
lots of lymphocytes at derm/epiderm junction with dying keratinocytes
erythema multiforme
erythema multiforme over 10-30% of body
steven johnson
erythema multiforme over 30%
Total epidermal necrosis
cause of stevens johnson
sulfa drugs
nail pitting found in
psorisis
well demarcated salmon plaque with silver scale
psoriasis
pathogensis of psorisis
T cell infiltration, secretes growth factors, leading to epidermal hyperplasis
diseases associated with psoriasis
arthritis, AIDS, depression, myopathy,CV dz, enteropathy
sawtoothing and civatte bodies
lichen plantus
puritic, purple, polygonal, papules and plaques
lichen planus
aassociated with hep C
lichen planus
superficial and deep infiltrate with keratin pluging and mucin
lupus erythematous
fish net IF
pemphigus vulgaris
easily rupturing, superbasal blisters
pemphigus vulgaris
type of reaction in pemphigus vulgaris
type II with IgG antibodies against desmogleins
tense, fluid bullae
bulloid pemphigus
linear pattern on IF and large tense blisters
bullous pemphigoid
type of rxn in bullous pemphigoid
type II against BPAa1/2
granular IgA on IF
dermatitis herpetiformis
linked to celiac
dermatitis herpetiformis
subepidermal blister with neuttophils
dermititis herpetiformis
linear basement membrane IF with blisters forming in areas of trauma
epidermolysis bullosa aquisita
antibody in dermatitis herpetiformis
IgA
antibody against collagen type VII
EBA
round plauques appearing stuck on
seborrieic keratosis
mutations in FGF3 receptor
seborrheic keratosis
appearance of seborrieic keratosis should make you be on the lookout for
GI cancer
precancerous growth associated with sun damage, and “horns”
actinic keratosis
caused by sun damage TT dimers
SCC
malignant nests of keratinocytes
SCC
pearly white papule with telangetasia and central ulceration
BCC
VERY VERY VERY rarely metastasizes
BCC
firm brown papule on legs of long people
dermatofibroma
honeycomb pattern with spindled cells
dermatofibrosarcoma
dermatofibroma positive for
CD34
bean shaped cells and tennis racket on EM
langerhans cell histiocytosis
erythema and edema when rubbed
mastocytosis
+ for CD117
mastocytosis
