path-inflamation

Question 1

pyknosis def

Answer 1

nuclear shrinkage

Question 2

karyorrhexis def

Answer 2

nuclear fragmentation

Question 3

apoptosis pathway in enbryogenesis

Answer 3

intrinsic

Question 4

pro-apoptoic protein

Answer 4

Bax

Question 5

anti-apoptoic protein

Answer 5

Bcl-2

Question 6

released from mitochondria in apoptosis

Answer 6

cytochrome C

Question 7

extrinsic apoptosis pathways

Answer 7

ligand receptor interactions (Fas)

immune cell (T cells releasing perforin and granzyme B)

Question 8

inflammatory cell death

Answer 8

necrosis

Question 9

irreverdable cell injuries

Answer 9

nuclear pyknosis, karyolisis, karyorrhexis
caspase activation
plasma membrane damage
lysosomal rupture
mitochondroal permeability

Question 10

part of kidney suscpetible to inschemia/infarction

Answer 10

straight segment of PCT, thick ascending limb

Question 11

part of colon suscpetible to inschemia/infarction

Answer 11

splenic flexure, rectum

Question 12

causesof atrophy

Answer 12

reduced hormones (uterus/vagina)
loss of innervation (motor neuron damage)
loss of blood flow
loss of nutrients
high pressure (nephrolithiasis)
occlusion of secretor ducts (CF)

Question 13

cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 13

rendess, pain, heat, swelling, and loss of function

Question 14

mediates acute inflammation

Answer 14

neutophils, eosinophils, and antibodies

Question 15

mediates chronic inflammation

Answer 15

mononuclear cells

Question 16

outcomes of chronic inflammation

Answer 16

angiogenesism fibross, granuloma, scarring, amyloidosis

Question 17

granuloma def:

Answer 17

nodular collection of epitheliod macrophages and giant cells

Question 18

steps of leukocyte extravasation

Answer 18

rolling (E/P-selectin to sialyl Lewis)
tight binding (ICAM-1 to LFA integrin)
diapedesis (PECAM 1 to PECAM 1)
migration (C5a, IL-8, LTB4, and Kallikrein)

Question 19

pathologies from free radical injury

Answer 19

retinopathy of prematurity
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
CCL4 --> fattyliver necrosis
acetinophen OD
iron overload
reperfusion after anoxia (esp after thrombolytic therapy)

Question 20

eliminates free radicals

Answer 20

catalase
superoxidase dismutase
glutathione peroxidase

Vitamins A, C, E

Question 21

clot formation, high vessel permability and neutrophil migration into tissue

Answer 21

inflamatory wound healing

Question 22

time in wound healing before macrophages show up

Answer 22

2 days

Question 23

time frame of proliferative wound healing

Answer 23

2-3 days post injury

Question 24

remodeling wound healing time frame

Answer 24

1 week after wound

Question 25

granulomatus diseases

Answer 25

``` TB fungal infections syphilis leprosy cat scratch dx sarcoidosis crohn's wegerner's Churg-strauss berylliosis silicosis ```

Question 26

hypocellular and protein pool effusion

Answer 26

transudate

Question 27

cellular and protein rich effusion

Answer 27

exudate

Question 28

causes transudate

Answer 28

high hydrostatic pressure low onocotic pressure Na retention

Question 29

causes exudate

Answer 29

lymphatic obstruction | inflammation

Question 30

causes increase in sed rate

Answer 30

infectinons, inflammation (temporal arteritis), cancer, pregnancy, SLE

Question 31

causes fall in sed rate

Answer 31

sickle cell polycythemia CHF

Question 32

sx of acute iron tox

Answer 32

gastric bleeding

Question 33

abnormal aggregation of proteins or their fragments into B-pleated sheets

Answer 33

amyloidosis

Question 34

due to deposition of I g light chains

Answer 34

primary amyloidosis

Question 35

secondary amyloidosis found in

Answer 35

chronic (esp autoimmune) diseases

Question 36

alzheimer's amyloidosis result of

Answer 36

amyloid B protein cleaved from APP