Past papers Flashcards
What hormones stimulate appetite?
Ghrelin, Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), Orexins, Endocannabinoids,Galanin
What hormones suppress appetite?
Leptin, insulin, Peptide YY (PYY), Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), Cholecystokinin (CCK), Oxyntomodulin, serotonin
Right heart cath trace
What causes right shift of oxyhemoglobin curve?
CADET
CO2
Acidosis
D)GP increased
e)xercise
high (t)emperature
Describe LP findings
Methaglobulinaemia vs carboxyhaemoglobulinaemia
both can have normal gas
methaglobulinaemia look cyanotic
can have neurological symptoms with carboxyhaemoglobulinaemia
Describe immunofluorescence of membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
membranous- Granular IgG and complement deposition on capillary walls
minimal change disease- Negative or minimal staining
FSGS- IgM and C3 deposits in affected segments
Describe the different phases of clinical trials
Phase 1: First time in man, 20-80 healthy people, assess safety and dosing
Phase 2: Larger group of people 100–300 to determine its effectiveness in disease + safety
Phase 3: large groups of people (1,000–3,000), compare with standard or similar treatment
Phase 4: After drug has been made public
What is the predominant cell type implicated as the cause of the acute inflammatory process in pulmonary sarcoidosis?
a) Eosinophils
b) Monocytes
c) Lymphocytes
d) Macrophages
e) Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Which of the following is most associated with Carbimazole?
a) Aseptic Meningitis
b) Agranulocytosis
c) Interstitial Nephritis
d) Sensorineural hearing loss
e) Hepatitis
Agranulocytosis
Which of these risk factors confers the greatest risk of extension of a pre-existing Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?
a) Diabetes Mellitus
b) High blood pressure
c) Hypercholesterolaemia
d) Smoking
e) Obesity
smoking
What is the mechanism by which Dobutamine increases cardiac output?
a) Cell surface dobutamine receptors
b) Inhibition of α-adrenergic receptors
c) Activation of β-adrenergic receptors
d) Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
e) Inhibition of cyclic AMP breakdown
Activation of B-adrenergic receptors
What is the action of alpha-1
Vasoconstriction
increased peripheral resistance
increase blood pressure
mydriasis
increase closure of bladder sphincters
What is the action of alpha 2
inhibits norepinephrine release
inhibits acetylcholine release
inhibits insulin release
What is the action of B1?
increase heart rate
increase lipolysis
increase myocardial contractility
increase renin
What is the action of beta 2?
*increase vasodilation
*decrease peripheral resistance
*bronchodilation
*increase glycogenolysis (muscle, liver)
*increase glucagon release
*relaxes uterine smooth muscle
A new sepsis protocol is introduced into seven hospital sequentially (one after the other). However, it is introduced into different hospitals randomly. Mortality rates are measured prior to, and after the sepsis protocol has been introduced. What is the name for this type of study design?
a) Case Control
b) Cluster Randomised
c) Randomised Control Trial
d) Stepped Wedge
e) Time Series
Stepped Wedge