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Part 1 Boards > Part 1: General Anatomy (Reproductive, Trunk, Mouth) > Flashcards

Part 1: General Anatomy (Reproductive, Trunk, Mouth) Flashcards

1
Q

Derivatives of the Endoderm

A
  • Gut
  • Respiratory tract
  • organs (tubular structures
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2
Q

Derivatives of the Paraxial Mesoderm

A

31 pairs of Somites

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3
Q

Derivatives of the Intermediate Mesoderm

A

Urogenital system & Kidneys

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4
Q

Derivatives of the Mesoderm Head

A
  • Skull
  • muscles
  • conn. tissue of head
  • dentine ***
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5
Q

Derivatives of the Lateral plate of the Mesoderm

A
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • blood & lymph cells
  • CT
  • Spleen
  • serous membranes of pleura/pericardium
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6
Q

Derivatives of the Surface Ectoderm

A
  • epidermis
  • ant. pituitary
  • eye lens
  • enamel hair & nails
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7
Q

sections of the Neuroectoderm

A

Neural Tube & Neural crest

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8
Q

Derivatives of the Neural tube

A
  • post. pituitary
  • eye retina
  • CNS
  • Pineal body
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9
Q

Derivatives of the Neural crest

A
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • ANS
  • parafollicular cells of thyroid
  • Adrenal medulla
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10
Q

What bones undergo Intramembranous ossification?

A

clavicle & all flat bones of the skull

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11
Q

What type of ossification does the sccapula undergo?

A

both intramembranous & endochondral

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12
Q

Stomodeum =

A

Mouth

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13
Q

Foregut =

A

oral cavity to 1st 1/3rd of duodenum

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14
Q

Mid gut =

A

2/3rds duodenum to 1st 2/3rds transverse colon

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15
Q

Hindgut =

A

last 1/3rd of transverse colon to anus

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16
Q

What gives rise to the thyroid?

A

Foramen Cecum

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17
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

nuclear membrane disappears

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18
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

chromosomes align at midline

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19
Q

what happens at Anaphase?

A

chromosomes move toward poles

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20
Q

what happens during telephase?

A

seperation of chromosomes

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21
Q

What does Cytokinesis mean?

A

seperation of cells

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22
Q

What is the purpose of Simple squamous epithelium?

A

Air & Fluid Diffusion

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Stratified Squamous epithelium?

A

Areas of high friction

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24
Q

What is the purpose of Simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretory

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25
Q

What is the purpose of Transitional epithelium?

A

stretching

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26
Q

What epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

A

Pseuodostratified cilicted columnar

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27
Q

what type of epithelium lines the reproductive tract?

A

stratified columnar

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28
Q

what epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

simple squamous

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29
Q

What areas are lined by stratified squamous epithelium?

A

oral, anal vaities
vagina
esophagus

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30
Q

Macrophages of the placenta are called…

A

Hofbauer cells

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31
Q

What type of tissue are tendons & ligaments?

A

dense regular

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32
Q

What type of tissue is the skin dermis?

A

dense irregular

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33
Q

What type of tissue are blood vessels?

A

elastic

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34
Q

What type of tissue are lymph nodes & spleen?

A

Reticular

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35
Q

Layers of the Epidermis from superficial to deep:

A

Striatum…
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Germinativum

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36
Q

What layer of the epidermis is only found on the soles of the feet and the palms?

A

Striatum Lucidum

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37
Q

Melanin is the ________ layer of the epidermis

A

Basal (basement)

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38
Q

Layers of the skin Dermis from superficial to deep

A

Papillary dermis
Reticular dermis
Hypodermis

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39
Q

What are the extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

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40
Q

Action of the muscle: Palatoglossus

A

elevates tongue

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41
Q

Action of the muscle: Styloglossus

A

elevates & retracts tongue

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42
Q

Action of the muscle: Hyoglossus

A

depresses & retracts tongue

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43
Q

Action of the muscle: Genioglossus

A

Depresses & protrudes tongue

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44
Q

What CN’s are responsible for controlling the following muscles:

Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

A

P: CN X
S, H & G: CN XII

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45
Q

What taste buds are the largest & Fewest?

A

Circumvallate

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46
Q

What taste buds are the smallest & most numerous?

A

filiform (not involved with taste)

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47
Q

What taste buds are located on the sides of te tongue?

A

foliate

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48
Q

Areas of the tongue and what taste they are responsible for:
1) Sweet
2) Salty
3) Sour
4) Bitter
5) Umami

A

1) Anterior
2) Anterolateral
3) Posterolateral
4) Posterior
5) all of the above

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49
Q

When the adenoids swell they can occlude the opening of…

A

the Eustachian tube

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50
Q

What CN is responsible for the muscles of mastication?

A

V3 branch of Trigeminal

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51
Q

What is the insertion of the Temporalis muscle?

A

Coronoid of the mandible

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52
Q

What is the origin of the Masseter muscle?

A

Zygomatic process

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53
Q

What is the Insertion of the Lateral Pterygoid muscle?

A

Disc of the TMJ & condyle of mandible

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54
Q

Contents of the following triangle: Anterior neck

A

1) Salivary glands
2) Larynx
3) Thyroid

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55
Q

Contents of the following triangle: Carotid

A

1) Carotid arteries
2) Int. Jugular Vein
3) Vagus nerve

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56
Q

Contents of the following triangle: Submandibular (digastric)

A

1) Salivary gland
2) Hypoglossal nerve
3) Myohyoid Nerve

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57
Q

Contents of the following triangle: Muscular (inferior carotid)

A

1) Larynx
2) Trachea
3) Thyroid

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58
Q

Contents of the following triangle: Occipital

A

1) Cervical plexus
2) Accessory nerve

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59
Q

Contents of the following triangle: Subclavian (Supraclavicular) (omoclavicular)

A

1) Brachial Plexus **
2) Subclavian artery
3) Transverse cervical artery
4) suprascapular nerve
5) terminal part of external jugular vein

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60
Q

Contents of the following triangle: Suboccipital

A
  • Dorsal rami of C1 vertebral artery
  • Suboccipital nerve
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61
Q

What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Anterior

A

SCM, midline of neck, Inf. border of mandible

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62
Q

What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Carotid

A

1) SCM
2) Diagastric
3) Omohyoid

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63
Q

What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Submandibular (digastric)

A

1) Diagastric (both heads)
2) inf. border of mandible

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64
Q

What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Muscular (inferior carotid)

A

1) SCM
2) Omohyoid
3)Midline of neck

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65
Q

What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Suprahyoid (submental)

A

1) digastric
2) hyoid bone

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66
Q

What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Occipital

A

1) SCM
2) Traps
3) Omohyoid

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67
Q

What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Subclavian (supraclivicular)

A

1) SCM
2) Omohyoid
3) Clavicle

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68
Q

What are the boundaries of the following triangle: Suboccipital

A

1) RCP Major (medial)
2) Sup. Oblique (lateral)
3) Inf. Oblique (inferior)

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69
Q

Cervical marker for the Cricoid cartilage

A

C6

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70
Q

Cervical marker for the Thyroid

A

C4-C5

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71
Q

What laryngeal cartilage attaches to the vocal cords?

A

Arytenoids

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72
Q

What is responsible for Voice production?

A

Glottis

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73
Q

At what vertebral level does the Thoracic outlet “Inferior thoracic aperture” start?

A

T11-T12

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74
Q

At what vertebral level does the diaphramh sit?

A

T11-T12

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75
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

where the esophagus meets the greater curve of stomach

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76
Q

From superior to inferior, what order do structures pass through Diaphragm?

A

T8: IVC
T10: Esophagus
T12: Aorta

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77
Q

What pierces the Anterior diaphragm?

A

IVC

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78
Q

What pierces the Middle diaphragm?

A

Esophagus & Vagus nerve

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79
Q

What pierces the Posterior diaphragm?

A

Aorta, Thoracic duct & Azygous vein

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80
Q

Internal Intercostals are for ______________ and External Intercostals are for ____________.

A

Expiration; Inspiration

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81
Q

What does the Mesentary connect?

A

Organs to posterior abdominal wall

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82
Q

What does the Greater Omentum connect?

A

Greater curve of stomach to transverse colon

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83
Q

What does the Lesser omentum connect?

A

Lesser curve of stomach to the liver

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84
Q

AKA for Epiploic foramen

A

Foramen of Winslow

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85
Q

What is the Epiploic Foramen?

A

opening between greater & lesser peritoneal sacs

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86
Q

List of Retroperitoneal Organs: (7)

A

IVC
Aorta
Pancreas
Adrenals
Colon (ascending & descending)
Kidney
Duodenum

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87
Q

Left Hilum structures from superior to inferior:

A

Pulmonary Artery
Bronchus
Pulmonary Vein

88
Q

Right Hilum structures from superior to inferior:

A

Bronchus
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein

89
Q

Trachea begins and ends at what vertebral level?

A

C6 -> T4

90
Q

Order of structures from Primary Bronchus to Alveoli (8)

A

1st Bronchus -> 2nd Bronchus -> 3rd Bronchus -> Terminal Bronchus -> Resp. Bronchioles -> Alveolar Ducts -> Alveolar Sacs -> Alveoli

91
Q

In the path from bronchus to alveoli where does cartilage stop?

A

At the 2nd Bronchus

92
Q

How many bronchupulmonary segments does the R lung have and how many per lobe?

A

[10]
Upper Lobe -> 3
Middle Lobe -> 2
Lower Lobe -> 5

93
Q

How many bronchupulmonary segments does the L lung have and how many per lobe?

A

[8]
Upper Lobe -> 4
Lower Lobe -> 4

94
Q

Where does fluid in the lungs accumulate??

A

Costodiaphragmatic Recess

95
Q

What is the name of the apex of the cervical pleura

A

Cupola

96
Q

The sternal angle separates…

A

division of superior & Inferior Mediastinum

97
Q

The Anterior portion of the Inferior Mediastinum contains: (3)

A

1) Thymus
2) Areolar tissue
3) Lymph Nodes

98
Q

The Superior Mediastinum contains: (5)

A

1) Thymus
2) Esophagus
3) Thoracic Duct
4) Vagus Nerve
5) Phrenic Nerve

99
Q

The Posterior portion of the Inferior Mediastinum contains: (4)

A

1) Azygous & Hemizygous Veins
2) Esophagus
3) Thoracic Duct
4) Vagus nerve

100
Q

The Middle Portion of the Inferior Mediastinum contains: (3)

A

1) Heart & Ascending Aorta
2) Pulmonary Artery & Veins
3) Arch of Azygous
4) Phrenic Nevre

101
Q

The coronary sinus opens into

A

The R. Atrium

102
Q

The Coronary Sinus recieves blood from…

A

1) Great Cardiac Vein
2) Middle Cardiac Vein
3) Small Cadiac Vein

103
Q

The Great cardiac vein ascends into the

A

anterior interventricular groove

104
Q

The middle cardiac vein ascends into the

A

posterior interventricular groove

105
Q

The small cardiac vein runs along the

A

coronary groove with the marginal artery

106
Q

What is the Sinus Venarum?

A

smooth space between openings of IVC & SVC

107
Q

Where is the Crista terminalis located?

A

R. Atrium

108
Q

What is the Fossa Ovalis?

A

Remnant of the foramen ovale / Depression on internal septum

109
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Interatrial septum

110
Q

What are the AV valves made of?

A

Endocardium

111
Q

Where is the Moderator band located?

A

R. Ventricle

112
Q

What is the Conus Arteriosis?

A

prolongation of R. venteicle where pulmonary arteries emerge

113
Q

Branches of the Left Coronary artery

A

1) Muscular branch
2) Ant. Interventricular branch
3) Circumflex artery

114
Q

Branches of the Right Coronary artery:

A

1) Muscular branch
2) Posterior interventricular
3) Marginal branch

115
Q

What is the MC artery for Myocardial Infarction?

A

“Widow Maker”
Anterior Interventricular of Left Coronary
AKA (L. Anterior Descending Artery)

116
Q

The L & R Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves wrap around…

A

Left: Aortic arch
Right: R. Subclavian Artery

117
Q

The transversepyloric line lies

A

horizontal at L1 (divides epigastric & umbilical regions)

118
Q

The Transtubercular line lies…

A

Horizontal at L5 (divides umbilical & hypogastric regions)

119
Q

What artery supplies the lesser curve of the stomach?

A

L. Gastric Artery

120
Q

What artery supplies the greater curve of the stomach?

A

L. & R. Gastroepiploic Artery

121
Q

Gastrin does what to the Pyloric Valve?

A

opens it

122
Q

Stenson’s Duct =

A

Parotid gland

123
Q

Wharton’s Duct =

A

Submandibular

124
Q

Bartholian’s Duct =

A

Sublingual

125
Q

Wirsung’s Duct =

A

Main pancreatic

126
Q

Santorini Duct =

A

Accessory ancreatic

127
Q

The cystic duc come from the

A

gallbladder

128
Q

The COmmon bile duct + Main Pancreatic Duct =

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Ampulla of vater)***

129
Q

The following pancreatic cells secrete:
Alpha
Beta
Delta

A

A: Glucagon
B: Insulin
D: Somatostatin

130
Q

What drains the Ampulla of Vater into the Duedenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

131
Q

The pancreatis head contacts…

A

2nd segment of duodenum

132
Q

the pancreatic body contacts…

A

L Kidney

133
Q

The pancreatic tail contacts…

A

spleen

134
Q

The pancreas is mainly supplied by

A

Splenic artery branches from the celiac trunk

135
Q

Red pulp filters __________ & White pulp filters ________

A

RBC; WBC

136
Q

What seperates the R & L Lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform Ligament

137
Q

The ligamentum Venosum is a remnant of…

A

ductus venosus in fetal circulation

138
Q

The round ligament is a remnant of…

A

left umbilical vein

139
Q

What attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

A

Triangular, falciform & coronary ligaments

140
Q

The ligament venosum seperates…

A

L lode from Caudate lobe of liver

141
Q

The round ligament seperates…

A

Quadrate lobe from Left lobe of liver

142
Q

What lobe of the liver cannot be palpated?

A

Caudate Lobe

143
Q

Venous blood flow INTO the liver:

A

Sup Mesenteric vein + Splenic vein -> portal vein -> Liver

144
Q

Venous flow OUT of the liver pathway:

A

Central vein -> Hepatic Vein -> IVC

145
Q

The gallbladder seperates what parts of the liver?

A

Quadrate lobe / R. Lobe

146
Q

What connects the sm. intestine to the large?

A

Ileocecal valve

147
Q

The appendix extends from the…

A

cecum

148
Q

What forms the Haustra of the Large intestine?

A

3 longitudinal Taeniae Coli bands

149
Q

What is the start of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

150
Q

The blood supply to the foregut is supplied by:

A

Thoracic & Abdominal Aorta

151
Q

The foregut and Midgut are innervated by

A

Vagus nerve

152
Q

The hind gut is innervated by

A

S2-4 (pelvic splanchnics)

153
Q

The blood supply to the midgut is supplied by:

A

Superior mesenteric artery

154
Q

The blood supply to the hindgut is supplied by:

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

155
Q

The bladder/Urethra’s blood supply is from the…

A

Internal iliac artery

156
Q

The genitalia’s blood supply is from the…

A

Pudendal artery

157
Q

What innervates the Bladder, urethra & Genitalia?

A

pudendal nerve

158
Q

The Celiac trunk branches off of the

A

Abdominal aorta

159
Q

What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?

A

1) L. gastric
2) Plenic
3) Common hepatic

160
Q

Th Azygous vein drains _________ and empties into __________.

A

R. abdomen; SVC

161
Q

The Hemiazygous vein drains the ______________ and empties into _________.

A

L abdomen; crosses over at T8 to join Azygous -> SVC

162
Q

External & Internal iliac veins drain into

A

Common Iliac

163
Q

What veins give rise to the IVC?

A

R & L Common iliac veins

164
Q

The common Iliac vein drains: (5)

A

1) Testis/Ovaries
2) Phrenic vein
3) Suprarenal vein
4) renal vein
5) hepatic vein

165
Q

After birth, the ____________ becomes the Liver sinusoid.

A

Ductus Venosus

166
Q

After birth, the ____________ becomes the Lungs between the L pulmonary artery & arch of aorta.

A

Ductus Arteriosis

167
Q

After birth, the ____________ becomes the Lungs

A

Foramen ovale

168
Q

What are the arteries of the Thyrocervical trunk?

A

[SIT]
Transverse cervical
Inferior Thyroid
Suprascapular

169
Q

What is intersitial fluid?

A

plasma that is filtered by cappilaries

170
Q

The Left (Thoracic) Lymphatic ducts begins at…

A

Cisterna Chyli (L2)

171
Q

The thoracic duct empties into…

A

juction of the L. internal jugular vein & L. subclavian vein

172
Q

The R. lymphatic duct drains what part of the body?

A

Upper R side of the body

173
Q

The right lymphatic duct empties into the…

A

juction of R. internal jugular vein & R. subclavian vein

174
Q

Urachus is a remnant of

A

median umbilical fold

175
Q

What is Urachal fistula?

A

If urine come out of the Umbilicus

176
Q

What is Mesonephros?

A

If urine come out of the Ejaculatory & urinary ducts

177
Q

What is paramesonephros?

A

If urine come out of the Uterus & uterine tube

178
Q

What is the name of the pouch between bladder & uterus?

A

Vesicouterine Pouch

179
Q

AKA for the Rectouterine Pouch

A

Pouch of Douglas

180
Q

What is the opening of cervical canal to the vagina called?

A

External Os

181
Q

What is typically the site of fertilization?

A

Ampulla

182
Q

What part of the fallopian tube opens to the uterus?

A

Interstitial segment

183
Q

The ovarian Ligament travels from what to what?

A

ovary to uterus

184
Q

The suspensory Ligament travels from what to what?

A

ovary to abdominal wall

185
Q

The Round Ligament of the uterus travels from what to what?

A

uterus to labia majora

186
Q

The broad Ligament travels from what to what?

A

uterus to abdominal wall

187
Q

What are the portions of the round ligament of the uterus and what do they attach to?

A

Mesovarium: ovary
Mesosalpinx: fallopian tube
Mesoometrium: everything else

188
Q

What are the 4 contents of the Broad ligament of the Uterus?

A

1) Fallopian Tubes
2) Round ligament of uterus
3) Ovarian ligament
4) Ureter

189
Q

What are the contents of the Inguinal Canal?

A

Male: spermatic cord
Female: Round ligament of Uterus
Both: Ilioinguinal nerve

190
Q

The superficial inguinal ring is an opening in the…

A

External oblique aponeurosis

191
Q

The deep inguinal ring is an opening in the…

A

fascia transversalis

192
Q

The cremasteric muscle is derived from __________ and innervated by __________.

A

internal oblique muscle; Genitofemoral nerve

193
Q

Where is the epididymus located?

A

posterolateral aspect of testis

194
Q

Function of the Cremaster muscle:

A

Raises Testis

195
Q

Function of the Dartos muscle:

A

wrinkle the scrotum

196
Q

What is the serous covering of the testes?

A

Tunica Vaginalis

197
Q

What is responsible for erection?

A

Corpus Cavernosa

198
Q

What structure contains the most blood during erection?

A

Corpus cavernosa

199
Q

What are the 4 segments of the male urethra?

A

1) Preprostatic
2) Prostatic
3) Membranous
4) Spongy aka Penile Urethra

200
Q

Most of your saliva is from

A

Submandibular gland (60-70%) other is parotid

201
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCL & Intrinsic Factor

202
Q

Cheif (zymogenic) cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen

203
Q

Epithelial cells of the small intwstine secrete:

A

CCK (CHolecystokinin)

204
Q

How many cartilaginous rings are there from cricoid to bronchi?

A

16-20

205
Q

What bronchi is shorter and wider?

A

Right.

206
Q

Where is Estrogen secreted from?

A

Corpus Luteum

207
Q

The renal pyramids are located in…

A

The Medulla

208
Q

Contents of the Quadrangular space:

A

post. circumflex humeral artery & Axillary nerve

209
Q

What are the 4 borders of the Quadrangular space?

A

Superior: Teres minor
Inferior: Teres Major
Medial: long head of triceps***
Lateral: Humerus

210
Q

Contents of the triangular space: (axillary triangle)

A

Circumflex scapular artery

211
Q

Boundaries of the Axillary triangular space:

A

Superior: Teres Minor
Inferior: Teres Major
Lateral: Long head of triceps***

212
Q

What is the location of a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Hesselbach’s triangle

213
Q

What are the boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle?

A

Lateral: Inf. epigastric artery
Medial: Rectus abdominus
Inferior: Inguinal Ligament

214
Q

What are the boundaries of the Femoral Triangle?

A

Superior: Inguinal Ligament
Medial: Adductor Longus
Lateral: Sartorius

215
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

1) Femoral nerve & Artery
2) Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
3) Femoral canal

216
Q

Exocrine glands have

A

ducts

217
Q

ndocrine glands do not have

A

ducts

Part 1 Boards (12 decks)

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