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Part 1 Boards > Part 1: Biochemistry (Pathways & Cycles) > Flashcards

Part 1: Biochemistry (Pathways & Cycles) Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis occurs in

A

The Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

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2
Q

Aerobic Glycolysis = ___________ -> ______________

A

Glucose -> 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

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3
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis = ____________ -> _____________

A

Glucose -> 2 lactate (lactic acid)

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4
Q

Glycolysis is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Insulin

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5
Q

Glycolysis is inhibited by what hormone?

A

Glucagon

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6
Q

What are the regulatory enzymes involved in glycolysis?

A

1) Hexokinase
2) Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
3) Pyruvate Kinase

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7
Q

Match the step with the regulatory enzyme in glycolysis:
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate

A

Step 1: Hexokinase
Step 3: Phosphofructokinase
Step 9: Pyruvate

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8
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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9
Q

What reaction of glycolysis has a net gain of ATP?

A

Step 9 (where pyruvate kinase acts)

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10
Q

What is the net gain of ATP and NADH in aerobic glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2 NADH

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11
Q

Aerobic glycolysis continues in the…

A

Kreb Cycle

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12
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis continues in the…

A

Cori Cycle

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13
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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14
Q

The Cori cycle occurs under ______________ conditions and involves the ________ and the _________.

A

Anaerobic; Muscle & liver

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15
Q

What is the net gain at the end of the Cori cycle?

A

2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

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16
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex occurs in

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex converts…

A

Pyruvate into acetyl-CoA

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18
Q

What type of reaction is the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation (NADH is produced and CO2 is lost)

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19
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Insulin

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20
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is inhibited by what hormone?

A

Glucagon

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21
Q

What coenzymes are involved in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex? (5)

A

1) NAD+ (B3)
2) FAD+ (B2)
3) Thiamine Pyrophosphate (B1)
4) Lipoic Acid
5) CoA (B5)

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22
Q

AKA’s for the Kreb’s Cycle:

A

Citric Acid cycle & Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)

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23
Q

The Krebs Cycle occurs in

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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24
Q

What are the regulatory enzymes involved in the Krebs Cycle? (3)

A

1) Citrate synthase
2) isocitrate dehydrogenase
3) alpha-keto glutamate dehydrogenase

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25
Q

How many steps are there in the Krebs Cycle?

A

8 (not including production of cis aconitate)

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26
Q

For every 1 round of the Krebs Cycle, how many ATP are produced?

A

12

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27
Q

Order of products during the Krebs Cycle. (10)

A

Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Cis Asconitrate
Isocitrate
Oxalosuccinate
Alpha Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
L-Malate

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28
Q

For every 1 NADH, ____ ATP are produced in the Krebs Cycle via the _______________

A

3; electron transport chain

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29
Q

For every 1 FADH2, ____ ATP are produced in the Krebs Cycle via the ___________________.

A

2; electron transport chain

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30
Q

For every 1 GTP, ____ ATP are produced in the Krebs Cycle.

A

1

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31
Q

The synthesis of ATP in the Electron transport chain is referred to as

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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32
Q

Electron transport chain occurs in…

A

The INNERmitochondrial membrane

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33
Q

Each NADH in the Electron transport chain produces how many ATP?

A

3

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34
Q

Each FADH in the Electron transport chain produces how many ATP?

A

2

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35
Q

What molecules most readily accepts electrons?

A

Oxygen

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36
Q

What hypothesis couples the Electron transport chain with ATP synthesis?

A

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis (Mitchell hypothesis)

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37
Q

Coenzyme Q10 is similar in structure to

A

Vitamin K

38
Q

Coenzyme Q10 is naturally produced in the

A

Liver

39
Q

What does Coenzyme Q10 do in the Electron transport chain?

A

1) delivers Oxygen to the ETC
2) activates complex I,II & III in the ETC

40
Q

What are the inhibitors of the Electron transport chain? (5)

A

1) Cyanide
2) Amitol
3) Rotinone
4) Carbon Monoxide
5) Excessive Energy

41
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs in

A

Primarily cytosol, but conversion of pyruvate -> oxaloacetate -> malate occurs in the mitochndria

42
Q

What does Malate do during Gluconeogenesis?

A

Crosses the mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol where it is converted back into oxaloacetate

43
Q

What are the 3 primary precursors for gluconeogenesis?

A

1) Glycerol
2) Lactate
3) Amino acids

44
Q

When is glycerol generated?

A

During breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue

45
Q

Where is Lactate derived from?

A

Muscle during anaerobic exercise

46
Q

What are the enzymes of Gluconeogenesis? (4)

A

1) Pyruvate carboxylase
2) PEP carboxykinase
3) Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
4) Glucose-6-phosphatase

47
Q

The Gluconeogenesis reaction involving Pyruvate carboxylase is a ____________ reaction with ______ as the coenzyme.

A

Carboxylation; biotin

48
Q

The reaction produced by pyruvate carboxylase in Gluconeogenesis occurs in

A

Mitochondria

49
Q

Both ___________________ and _________________ are needed to bypass pyruvate kinase in glycolysis.

A

Pyruvate carboxylase & PEP carboxykinase

50
Q

What enzyme in Gluconeogenesis bypasses PFK in glycolysis?

A

Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase

51
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase is present in the

A

LIVER not the muscle

52
Q

What enzyme allows the liver to generate free glucose from glycogen breakdown in Gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

53
Q

What enzyme in Gluconeogenesis bypasses glucokinase in glycolysis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

54
Q

Glycogen is stored in the cytoplasm of the…

A

Liver and muscle

55
Q

What is the enzyme during Glycogen Synthesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

56
Q

Glycogen Synthesis is inhibited by what hormone?

A

Glucagon

57
Q

Glycogen Synthesis is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Insulin

58
Q

What is the Major Intermediate of Glycogen Synthesis?

A

UDP-Glucose

59
Q

What is the enzyme for Glycogen Degradation?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

60
Q

Glycogen Degradation is stimulated by what hormones?

A

Glucagon & Epinephrine

61
Q

Glycogen Degradation is inhibited by what hormones?

A

Insulin

62
Q

AKA’s for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

1) HMP Shunt
2) phosphogluconate pathway

63
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway occurs in

A

The cytosol

64
Q

What is the enzyme used in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

65
Q

What are the function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway? (2)

A

1) production of NADPH for fatty acid and steroid hormone synthesis
2) production of ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide (DNA/RNA) synthesis

66
Q

What is the net gain/loss of ATP in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

None

67
Q

Where does Fatty Acid Synthesis occur?

A

Cytosol

68
Q

What enzyme is involved in Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

69
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis is a ___________ process.

A

Reductive

70
Q

Acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol as __________ in Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A

Citrate

71
Q

What are the coenzymes used in Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A

NADPH

72
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis is AKA:

A

Lipogenesis

73
Q

Fatty Acid Degradation is AKA:

A

1) Beta-Oxidation
2) Lipolysis

74
Q

Fatty Acid Degradation occurs in…

A

The mitochondria

75
Q

What is the enzyme involved in Fatty Acid Degradation?

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase

76
Q

What is the function of Hormone-sensitive lipase in Fatty Acid Degradation?

A

Cleaves fatty acids off triacylglycerides that are stored in adipose tissue

77
Q

Fatty Acid Degradation is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Epinephrine

78
Q

Fatty Acid Degradation is inhibited by what hormone?

A

Insulin

79
Q

In Fatty Acid Degradation, what transports fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria?

A

Carnitine

80
Q

What is the precursor to Carnitine in Fatty Acid Degradation?

A

Lysine

81
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis is inhibited by what hormone?

A

Glucagon

82
Q

Fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Insulin

83
Q

The Urea Cycle occurs in…

A

Both Cytosol & Mitochondria

84
Q

Urea contains ___________ and a single __________.

A

2 nitrogen atoms and 1 carbon

85
Q

Both of the nitrogen atoms of Urea come from…

A

Glutamate

86
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of the Urea Cycle?

A

Carbomoyl Phosphate Synthase

87
Q

What reaction does the enzyme Carbamoyl phosphate synthase catalyze in the Urea Cycle?

A

(CO2 + NH3 + 2ATP -> carbamoyl phosphate)

88
Q

Where is the rate limiting enzyme of the Urea Cycle located?

A

In the mitochondria

89
Q

What are the intermediates of the Urea Cycle? (3)

A

1) Arginine
2) Citrulline
3) Ornithine

90
Q

Fatty Acid Metabolism occurs in a ______ ____ _______.

A

Well Fed State

Part 1 Boards (12 decks)

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