PARASITOLOGY PART 2 Flashcards
– Mono-nucleated organism commonly found in bodies of
water
Flagellates
Flagellates
They are equipped with whip-like appendages called
“______” mainly for _____and _____.
flagella; locomotion ; feeding
Flagellates ❑ Reproduce by
binary fission
Flagellates color
Colorless/ Green
what type of parasite is Flagellates
Facultative parasite
Some specie have known without cyst stage on their life
cycle
Flagellates
Flagellates Has two (2) morphological forms:
Cyst & Trophozoite
they are commonly protected against external
environments.
Cyst
transform into one when they are able
to enter the body of the host and would cause
pathogenesis. Once they exit, they become a cyst
Trophozoite
We ingest the cyst, and once ingested, it would
transform inside our body known as the?
excystation.
Once it becomes a trophozoite it would multiply in
our body and then it would go out of our body = it
would undergo ______ to become a cyst and
live outside the host.
encystation
a. Giardia intestinalis / lamblia
- named after
Vilem Dusan Lambl and Alfred Giard
a. Giardia intestinalis / lamblia
– looks like a falling leaf or a.k.a.?
Old man’s eyeglasses
b. Trichomonas vaginalis
- causative agent of?
Strawberry cervix or Ping-pong
reinfection
b. Trichomonas vaginalis
- causative agent of Strawberry cervix or Ping-pong
reinfection treated with?
metronidazole
Giardia intestinalis / lamblia
Trophozoite:
1. Motility :
2. Shape:
3. No. of nuclei :
4. No. of flagella:
5. Distinction:
Falling leaf
Pear, teardrop
2
4 pairs
Bilaterally
symmetrical
Giardia intestinalis / lamblia
Cyst
1. Shape:
2. Number of nuclei:
3. Distinction:
Ovoid
(2) Immature, (4) Mature
Smooth cell wall, interior flagellar structures
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite:
1. Motility :
2. Shape:
3. No. of nuclei :
4. No. of flagella:
5. Distinction:
6. NO
Rapid, jerky
Ovoid, round
1
3-5
Undulating
membrane extending half of
body length, granules along
axostyle
CYST STAGE
Chilomastix mesnili
Trophozoite:
1.Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. No. of Flagella
4. Other Distinctive Feature
Stiff, rotary,
directional
One
Four
Prominent cytostome extending
1/3 to 1⁄2 body length, spiral groove
Chilomastix mesnili
Cyst form:
1. Size Range
2. Shape
3. No. of Nuclei
4. Other Distinctive Feature
5 – 10 μm
Lemon
One
Clear hyaline knob, well defined
cytostome located on one side of
nucleus
Diantamoeba fragilis
Trophozoite form (NO CYST):
1. Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. Other Distinctive Feature
Progressive, broad hyaline pseudopodia
Two
Each nucleus consisting of massed clumps
of 4-8 chromatin granules
Trichomonas hominis
Trophozoite:
1. Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. No. of Flagella
4. Other Distinctive Feature
Nervous, jerky
One
Three to five
Axostyle extends beyond posterior end. Full body undulating membrane
Trichomonas tenax
Trophozoite:
1. Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. No. of Flagella
4. Other Distinctive Feature
Nervous, jerky
One
Five total
Undulating membrane extending 2/3 of body length, thick axostyle
Retortamonas intestinalis
Trophozoite:
1. Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. No. of Flaggela
4. Other Distinctive Feature
Jerky
One
Two
One flagellum directed anteriorly and one extending posteriorly
Retortamonas instestinalis
Cyst:
1. Size Range
2. Shape
3. No. of Nuclei
4. Other Distinctive Feature
3 – 7 μm
Lemon or pear
One
Two fused fibrils in nuclear region resembles “bird’s beak”
A protozoan blood parasite that are known to invade
the central nervous system and other tissues
Hemoflagellates
Hemoflagellates
❑They are ____ borne parasite.
insect
Hemoflagellates
_____ serve as their intermediate host and
_____ as definitive
Arthropods; human
Hemoflagellates Reproduce by
binary fission
Hemoflagellates
❑_____ parasite
❑ _____ motile
❑ Morphological stage varies in ____
❑ _____morphological forms
Obligate
Highly
Genus
Four (4)
Hemoflagellates
❑ Four (4) morphological forms:
Amastigote, Promastigote, Epimastigote, Trypomastigote
non motile, intracellular, found in
reticuloendothelial cells of man infected with
Leishmania or Trypanosoma
Amastigote
infective stage of Leishmania to man
Promastigote
Trypanosoma in insect vector
Epimastigote
Infective stage of Trypanosoma in
insect vector and peripheral blood of humans
Trypomastigote
Target Site of Infection:
1. Visceral:
2. Cutaneous
Liver and spleen
Face particularly
cheek, mouth
and nose. Upper
and lower
extremities
_____ produce
moderate to severe type
of diseases ranging from
skin (bite site) to systemic
infection
Leishmania
_____ also infect
skin particularly on face
and fatal CNS infection.
Trypanosoma
– Leishmaniasis: uses
promastigote and amastigote
– Trypanosomiasis: uses
trypomastigote and epimastigote
Leishmania
Vector:
Phlebotomine Sandfly/ Lutzomyia sandfly
- Vector: Phlebotomine Sandfly/ Lutzomyia sandfly
_______we take in the promastigote and
amastigote
Diagnostic stage
- Vector: Phlebotomine Sandfly/ Lutzomyia sandfly
_______promastigote is transferred to the humans
or host via the bite of the sandfly
infective stage
Leishmania mexicana
Local term for disease:
Vector:
-Belize, Guatemala, Yucatan peninsula
Lutzomyia sand fly
Leismania mexicana complex:
L. pifanoi
L. amazonensis
L. vanezuelensis
Leismania mexicana complex
Local term for disease:
L. pifanoi
L. amazonensis
L. vanezuelensis
Vector:
Chiclero ulcer
-Amazon, Brazil, Venezuela
-Amazon basin
-Forested area Venezuela
Lutzomyia sand fly
L. tropica
Local term for disease:
Vector:
Baghdad boils
-Mediterranean region, Middle
east, Armenia, Caspian region,
Afghanistan, India and Kenya
Phlebotomus sandfly
L. tropica complex:
L. aethiopica
L. major
L. tropica complex
Local term for disease:
Vector:
Oriental sore
-High lands of Ethiopica, Kenya
-Desert regions of
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and
kazakhastan, Northern America,
Sahara, Iran, Syria, Israel and Jordan
Phlebotomus sandfly
L. braziliensis
L. panamensis
Local term for disease:
Vector:
Espundia
Mexico to Argentina
Lutzomyia sandfly
L. peruviana
Local term for disease:
Vector:
Uta
Peruvian Andes
Lutzomyia sandfly
L. guyanensis
Local term for disease:
Vector:
Forest yaws
Guina, parts of Brazil and
Venezuela
Lutzomyia sandfly
L. donovani
Local term for disease:
Vector:
Hepatosplenomegaly
Dum dum fever
-India, Pakistan, Thailand and
parts of Africa and China
Lutzomyia sand fly
L. donovani complex
L. infantum
Local term for disease:
Vector:
Hepatosplenomegaly
Kala-azar
-Mediterranean area, Europe,
Africa, Near East and parts of
the former Soviet Union
Lutzomyia sand fly
– Vector: Tsetse fly (Glossina)
– diagnostic stage: trypomastigote in the _______
blood circulation
– Vector: Tsetse fly (Glossina)
– infective stage: trypomastigote transmitted by the tsetse fly to the _____
host
Cutaneous (New world):
Leishmania mexicana
Leismania mexicana complex
L. pifanoi
L. amazonensis
L. vanezuelensis
Cutaneous ( Oldworld):
L. tropica
L. tropica complex
L. aethiopica
L. major
Mucocutaneous:
L. braziliensis
L. panamensis
L. peruviana
L. guyanensis
Visceral:
L. donovani
L. donovani complex
L. infantum
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Other name:
Vector:
West – African Sleeping
sickness
Tse – tse fly
-Glossina palpalis
-Glossina tachinoides
Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense
Other name:
Vector:
East – African Sleeping sickness
Tse – tse fly
-Glossina morsitans
-Glossina pallidepes
Trypanosoma cruzi
Other name:
Vector:
Chagas disease
American Sleeping Sickness
Triatomine bugs( Riduviid bug
or Kissing bug)
Trypanosoma rangeli
Other name:
Vector:
No Associated Disease to humans
Rhodius prolixus
A subphylum of protozoa (Apicomplexa) in which the life cycle
includes “spore-forming or cyst forming stage
Sporozoa
Sporozoa
❑ ____/____ (____&_____) and food born (Other
species) parasite.
Insect/Vector
Plasmodium and babesia
The Sporozoa
❑ They are _____ ___cellular parasite
❑ No definite organelle for______
❑ Complex life cycle alternating ____&____ generations
obligate intra-
locomotion
sexual and asexual
Sporozoa
Some species can multiply both sexually and asexually in
same host (Ex.
Isospora, Cyclospora, Microspora spp
human as accidental host and may serve as
intermediate or definitive host (Depends on species)
Free living
General Morphological Forms of Sporozoa:
Gametocytes (Macro (M) and Micro (F))
Zygote (Diploid) (Union two haploids)
1. Sporoblast
2. Sporocyst
3. Sporozoite
Mature oocyst
Sporoblast
Mature sporoblast
Sporocyst
Infective stage of sporozoa
Sporozoite
Asexual spore formation/reproduction usually happens in the
definitive host
Schizogony / Sporogony
Schizogony / Sporogony
Ø ______ form in this process
Sporozoite
Sexual reproduction – happens in definitive host
Gametogony / Gamogony
Gametogony / Gamogony
Ø _____ form in this process
Zygote
Asexual spore formation/reproduction usually happens in the
intermediate host
Merogony
Merogony
Ø _____ form in this process
Merozoite
Parameters of Differentiation of Common
Species:
❑ Size
❑ Shape
- Round to oval
❑ Appearance
- They have distinct appearance under observation
❑ No. of sporozoites present in sporocyst
No. of sporocyst
Isospora belli
Sarcocystis spp.
Cryptosporodium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis
2
2
None
2
No. of sporozoites
Isospora belli
Sarcocystis spp.
Cryptosporodium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis
4
4
4
2
is the leading cause of chronic diarrhea in
patients with HIV and AIDS.
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum can also cause?
recreational
water diarrhea
Toxoplasma gondii
Morphological forms:
Tachyzoites:
Bradyzoites :
Actively multiplying
morphological form,
contains variety of
organelles that are not
readily visible
Tachyzoites:
Smaller than
tachyzoites, enclose
them selves to form a
cyst
Bradyzoites :
– dangerous for pregnant woman: once acquired, it can lead
to congenital infection
Toxoplasma gondii
can cause brain damage to patients who are
immunocompromised (w/ HIV or AIDs)
Toxoplasma gondii
Haemosporidia: Plasmodium
Morphology:
❑ Ring form
❑ Developing Trophozoites
❑ Immature Schizonts
❑ Mature Schizonts
❑ Gametocytes
Plasmodium:
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. falciparum
refers to a ringlike
appearance of the malarial
parasite following invasion into
a previously healthy RBC
Ring form
evidence of active chromatin
replication
Immature Schizonts
Emergence
of merozoite – fully developed
stage
Mature Schizonts
“micro –
female” “macro – male”
Gametocytes
Haemosporidia: Plasmodium
______ in shaped
consist of a large diffuse
_____
surrounded by ____
Round to oval; chromatin mass; halo
Haemosporidia: Plasmodium
Parameters of Differentiation:
❑Age of infected RBC
❑Appearance of infected
RBC
❑Appearance of
morphological forms
❑Number of merozoites
❑Incubation period
❑Paroxysm Cycle
P. vivax
Age of infected RBC
Appearance of infected RBC
Appearance of Morphological forms
Number of merozoites
Incubation period
Paroxysm cycle
Young and immature
Enlarged, distorted
The developing trophozoites are Irregular, amoeboid appearance
12 – 24
10 – 17 days
5 -7 hours
P. ovale
Age of infected RBC
Appearance of infected RBC
Appearance of Morphological forms
Number of merozoites
Incubation period
Paroxysm cycle
Young and immature
Oval, enlarged, distorted with ragged walls
Rosette arrangement if merozoites
8 or less
7 – 30
Every 48 hours
Symptom occurs every 48 hours
Tertian:
Symptoms occur every 72 hours
Quartan:
Malignant Tertian:
P. falciparum
Benign Quartan:
P. malariae
Benign Tertian:
P. ovale, P. vivax ( both with hypnozoites)
P. malariae
Age of infected RBC
Appearance of infected RBC
Appearance of Morphological forms
Number of merozoites
Incubation period
Paroxysm cycle
Mature cells
Normal size, no distortion
Developing trophozoites contains band of cytoplasm
6-12
18 – 40 days
72 hours
P. falcifarum
Age of infected RBC
Appearance of infected RBC
Appearance of Morphological forms
Number of merozoites
Incubation period
Paroxysm cycle
All ages
Normal size, no distortion
Ring form has headphone configuration
Crescent shape gametocytes
8-36
7-10 days
36 – 48
hours
General life cycle
–in hepatic cells or in the liver/ outside
the red blood cell
Exoerythrocytic stage
General life cycle
– in the red blood cell
Erythrocytic stage
– Exoerythrocytic stage
– the radical cure for malaria
Primacine
prophylactic therapy for malaria in the
Philippines (in chloroquine is not available). This is more
advisable to take two days prior to your trip going to malaria
infected place, and continue taking it as long as you are there
Doxycycline
Metazoa:
❑Nematodes
❑Filarial Nematodes
❑Trematodes
❑Cestodes
They are multicellular eukaryotic
organism
Metazoans
As animals, they have organ systems
Metazoans
However, the parasitic species often
have limited digestive tracts, nervous
systems, and locomotor abilities.
Metazoans
Metazoans
May have ______________
cycles with several different life
stages and more than one type of
host.
complex reproductive
Metazoa
– Some are _____having both male and female
reproductive organs in a single individual, while others are
_____ each having either male or female reproductive
organs.
monoecious, dioecious
______: _______organism. One
organism have both male and female reproductive
Monoecious; hermaphrodite
one is male, one is female
Dioecious
The nematodes species may be divided into two groups,
those primarily involved with the intestinal tract, termed
______ species, and those that migrate into the tissue
following initial contact with the intestinal tract, termed
_______ species.
intestinal; intestinal tissue
– The adult stage of a parasitic helminth is found in the
definitive host
– Each larval stage of a parasitic helminth requires an
intermediate host
– Morphological forms of soil-borne nematodes
(Necator, Ancylostoma and Strongyloides):
❑ Rhabditiform larva
❑ Filariform
– early developmental stage
or juvenile stage
❑ Rhabditiform larva
short and pointed, penetrates the skin
❑ Filariform
Ingestion of eggs:
Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichuris
Skin penetration:
Strongyloides, Necator, Ancylostoma
Ingestion of larvae:
Trichinella spiralis
Larvae transmission via insect bite:
Wuchereria, Loa,
Mansonella, Onchocerca, Drancunculus medinensis
Enterobius vermicularis
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:
Pinworm, seatworm,
Oxyuriasis
Yellowish white in color, pointed,
resembles pinhead
Trichuris trichiura
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:
Whipworm
Pinkish gray, resembles whip itself, males possess prominent curled tail
Ascaris lumbricoides
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:
Roundworm of man
Creamy white, pink tint, female has lead thickness, male has prominent incurved tail
Strongyloides stercoloaris
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:
Threadworm
Colorless, transparent body, finely striated cuticle, short buccal cavity
Necator americanus
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:
New world hookworm
Contains pair of cutting plates,
Male has
prominent
copulatory bursa
Ancylostoma duodenale
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:
Old world hookworm
Contains actual teeth,
Male has prominent copulatory bursa
Trichinella spiralis
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:
Trichina worm
Thin anterior end females are
blunt and round posterior end,
males are curved
Dracunculus medinensis
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:
Guinea worm
Female has prominent rounded
anterior end, male coils its
anterior end at least once
capable of autoinoculation
Strongyloides stercoralis
Thread-like parasitic nematodes that are transmitted by
arthropod vectors
Filarial Nematodes
Distinct features common to all adult tapeworms:
❑Scolex –
❑Proglottids–
❑Strobila–
❑Suckers–
❑Rostellum–
❑Tegument –
- anterior end
- individual segments in their - mature form
- reproductive organs
- attachment
- extension of scolex
- excreted waste products
