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PHMP LEC 211 > PARASITOLOGY PART 2 > Flashcards

PARASITOLOGY PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

– Mono-nucleated organism commonly found in bodies of
water

A

Flagellates

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2
Q

Flagellates
They are equipped with whip-like appendages called
“______” mainly for _____and _____.

A

flagella; locomotion ; feeding

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3
Q

Flagellates ❑ Reproduce by

A

binary fission

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4
Q

Flagellates color

A

Colorless/ Green

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5
Q

what type of parasite is Flagellates

A

Facultative parasite

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6
Q

Some specie have known without cyst stage on their life
cycle

A

Flagellates

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7
Q

Flagellates Has two (2) morphological forms:

A

Cyst & Trophozoite

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8
Q

they are commonly protected against external
environments.

A

Cyst

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9
Q

transform into one when they are able
to enter the body of the host and would cause
pathogenesis. Once they exit, they become a cyst

A

Trophozoite

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10
Q

We ingest the cyst, and once ingested, it would
transform inside our body known as the?

A

excystation.

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11
Q

Once it becomes a trophozoite it would multiply in
our body and then it would go out of our body = it
would undergo ______ to become a cyst and
live outside the host.

A

encystation

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12
Q

a. Giardia intestinalis / lamblia
- named after

A

Vilem Dusan Lambl and Alfred Giard

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13
Q

a. Giardia intestinalis / lamblia
– looks like a falling leaf or a.k.a.?

A

Old man’s eyeglasses

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14
Q

b. Trichomonas vaginalis
- causative agent of?

A

Strawberry cervix or Ping-pong
reinfection

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15
Q

b. Trichomonas vaginalis
- causative agent of Strawberry cervix or Ping-pong
reinfection treated with?

A

metronidazole

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16
Q

Giardia intestinalis / lamblia
Trophozoite:
1. Motility :
2. Shape:
3. No. of nuclei :
4. No. of flagella:
5. Distinction:

A

Falling leaf
Pear, teardrop
2
4 pairs
Bilaterally
symmetrical

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17
Q

Giardia intestinalis / lamblia
Cyst
1. Shape:
2. Number of nuclei:
3. Distinction:

A

Ovoid
(2) Immature, (4) Mature
Smooth cell wall, interior flagellar structures

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18
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite:
1. Motility :
2. Shape:
3. No. of nuclei :
4. No. of flagella:
5. Distinction:
6. NO

A

Rapid, jerky
Ovoid, round
1
3-5
Undulating
membrane extending half of
body length, granules along
axostyle
CYST STAGE

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19
Q

Chilomastix mesnili
Trophozoite:
1.Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. No. of Flagella
4. Other Distinctive Feature

A

Stiff, rotary,
directional
One
Four
Prominent cytostome extending
1/3 to 1⁄2 body length, spiral groove

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20
Q

Chilomastix mesnili
Cyst form:
1. Size Range
2. Shape
3. No. of Nuclei
4. Other Distinctive Feature

A

5 – 10 μm
Lemon
One
Clear hyaline knob, well defined
cytostome located on one side of
nucleus

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21
Q

Diantamoeba fragilis
Trophozoite form (NO CYST):
1. Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. Other Distinctive Feature

A

Progressive, broad hyaline pseudopodia

Two
Each nucleus consisting of massed clumps
of 4-8 chromatin granules

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22
Q

Trichomonas hominis
Trophozoite:
1. Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. No. of Flagella
4. Other Distinctive Feature

A

Nervous, jerky

One

Three to five

Axostyle extends beyond posterior end. Full body undulating membrane

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23
Q

Trichomonas tenax
Trophozoite:
1. Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. No. of Flagella
4. Other Distinctive Feature

A

Nervous, jerky

One

Five total

Undulating membrane extending 2/3 of body length, thick axostyle

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24
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis
Trophozoite:
1. Motility
2. No. of Nuclei
3. No. of Flaggela
4. Other Distinctive Feature

A

Jerky

One

Two

One flagellum directed anteriorly and one extending posteriorly

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25
Q

Retortamonas instestinalis
Cyst:
1. Size Range
2. Shape
3. No. of Nuclei
4. Other Distinctive Feature

A

3 – 7 μm

Lemon or pear

One

Two fused fibrils in nuclear region resembles “bird’s beak”

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26
Q

A protozoan blood parasite that are known to invade
the central nervous system and other tissues

A

Hemoflagellates

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27
Q

Hemoflagellates
❑They are ____ borne parasite.

A

insect

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28
Q

Hemoflagellates
_____ serve as their intermediate host and
_____ as definitive

A

Arthropods; human

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29
Q

Hemoflagellates Reproduce by

A

binary fission

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30
Q

Hemoflagellates
❑_____ parasite
❑ _____ motile
❑ Morphological stage varies in ____
❑ _____morphological forms

A

Obligate
Highly
Genus
Four (4)

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31
Q

Hemoflagellates
❑ Four (4) morphological forms:

A

Amastigote, Promastigote, Epimastigote, Trypomastigote

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32
Q

non motile, intracellular, found in
reticuloendothelial cells of man infected with
Leishmania or Trypanosoma

A

Amastigote

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33
Q

infective stage of Leishmania to man

A

Promastigote

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34
Q

Trypanosoma in insect vector

A

Epimastigote

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35
Q

Infective stage of Trypanosoma in
insect vector and peripheral blood of humans

A

Trypomastigote

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36
Q

Target Site of Infection:
1. Visceral:
2. Cutaneous

A

Liver and spleen

Face particularly
cheek, mouth
and nose. Upper
and lower
extremities

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37
Q

_____ produce
moderate to severe type
of diseases ranging from
skin (bite site) to systemic
infection

A

Leishmania

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38
Q

_____ also infect
skin particularly on face
and fatal CNS infection.

A

Trypanosoma

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39
Q

– Leishmaniasis: uses

A

promastigote and amastigote

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40
Q

– Trypanosomiasis: uses

A

trypomastigote and epimastigote

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41
Q

Leishmania
Vector:

A

Phlebotomine Sandfly/ Lutzomyia sandfly

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42
Q
  • Vector: Phlebotomine Sandfly/ Lutzomyia sandfly
    _______we take in the promastigote and
    amastigote
A

Diagnostic stage

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43
Q
  • Vector: Phlebotomine Sandfly/ Lutzomyia sandfly
    _______promastigote is transferred to the humans
    or host via the bite of the sandfly
A

infective stage

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44
Q

Leishmania mexicana
Local term for disease:
Vector:

A

-Belize, Guatemala, Yucatan peninsula

Lutzomyia sand fly

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45
Q

Leismania mexicana complex:

A

L. pifanoi
L. amazonensis
L. vanezuelensis

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46
Q

Leismania mexicana complex
Local term for disease:
L. pifanoi

L. amazonensis
L. vanezuelensis

Vector:

A

Chiclero ulcer
-Amazon, Brazil, Venezuela

-Amazon basin
-Forested area Venezuela

Lutzomyia sand fly

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47
Q

L. tropica
Local term for disease:
Vector:

A

Baghdad boils

-Mediterranean region, Middle
east, Armenia, Caspian region,
Afghanistan, India and Kenya

Phlebotomus sandfly

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48
Q

L. tropica complex:

A

L. aethiopica
L. major

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49
Q

L. tropica complex
Local term for disease:
Vector:

A

Oriental sore
-High lands of Ethiopica, Kenya

-Desert regions of
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and
kazakhastan, Northern America,
Sahara, Iran, Syria, Israel and Jordan

Phlebotomus sandfly

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50
Q

L. braziliensis
L. panamensis
Local term for disease:
Vector:

A

Espundia
Mexico to Argentina

Lutzomyia sandfly

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51
Q

L. peruviana
Local term for disease:
Vector:

A

Uta
Peruvian Andes

Lutzomyia sandfly

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52
Q

L. guyanensis
Local term for disease:
Vector:

A

Forest yaws
Guina, parts of Brazil and
Venezuela

Lutzomyia sandfly

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53
Q

L. donovani
Local term for disease:
Vector:

A

Hepatosplenomegaly
Dum dum fever
-India, Pakistan, Thailand and
parts of Africa and China

Lutzomyia sand fly

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54
Q

L. donovani complex
L. infantum
Local term for disease:
Vector:

A

Hepatosplenomegaly
Kala-azar
-Mediterranean area, Europe,
Africa, Near East and parts of
the former Soviet Union

Lutzomyia sand fly

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55
Q

– Vector: Tsetse fly (Glossina)
– diagnostic stage: trypomastigote in the _______

A

blood circulation

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56
Q

– Vector: Tsetse fly (Glossina)
– infective stage: trypomastigote transmitted by the tsetse fly to the _____

A

host

57
Q

Cutaneous (New world):

A

Leishmania mexicana

Leismania mexicana complex
L. pifanoi
L. amazonensis
L. vanezuelensis

58
Q

Cutaneous ( Oldworld):

A

L. tropica

L. tropica complex
L. aethiopica
L. major

59
Q

Mucocutaneous:

A

L. braziliensis
L. panamensis

L. peruviana

L. guyanensis

60
Q

Visceral:

A

L. donovani

L. donovani complex
L. infantum

61
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Other name:
Vector:

A

West – African Sleeping
sickness

Tse – tse fly
-Glossina palpalis
-Glossina tachinoides

62
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense
Other name:
Vector:

A

East – African Sleeping sickness

Tse – tse fly
-Glossina morsitans
-Glossina pallidepes

63
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi
Other name:
Vector:

A

Chagas disease
American Sleeping Sickness

Triatomine bugs( Riduviid bug
or Kissing bug)

64
Q

Trypanosoma rangeli
Other name:
Vector:

A

No Associated Disease to humans

Rhodius prolixus

65
Q

A subphylum of protozoa (Apicomplexa) in which the life cycle
includes “spore-forming or cyst forming stage

A

Sporozoa

66
Q

Sporozoa
❑ ____/____ (____&_____) and food born (Other
species) parasite.

A

Insect/Vector
Plasmodium and babesia

67
Q

The Sporozoa
❑ They are _____ ___cellular parasite
❑ No definite organelle for______
❑ Complex life cycle alternating ____&____ generations

A

obligate intra-
locomotion
sexual and asexual

68
Q

Sporozoa
Some species can multiply both sexually and asexually in
same host (Ex.

A

Isospora, Cyclospora, Microspora spp

69
Q

human as accidental host and may serve as
intermediate or definitive host (Depends on species)

A

Free living

70
Q

General Morphological Forms of Sporozoa:

A

Gametocytes (Macro (M) and Micro (F))
Zygote (Diploid) (Union two haploids)
1. Sporoblast
2. Sporocyst
3. Sporozoite

71
Q

Mature oocyst

A

Sporoblast

72
Q

Mature sporoblast

A

Sporocyst

73
Q

Infective stage of sporozoa

A

Sporozoite

74
Q

Asexual spore formation/reproduction usually happens in the
definitive host

A

Schizogony / Sporogony

75
Q

Schizogony / Sporogony
Ø ______ form in this process

A

Sporozoite

76
Q

Sexual reproduction – happens in definitive host

A

Gametogony / Gamogony

77
Q

Gametogony / Gamogony
Ø _____ form in this process

A

Zygote

78
Q

Asexual spore formation/reproduction usually happens in the
intermediate host

A

Merogony

79
Q

Merogony
Ø _____ form in this process

A

Merozoite

80
Q

Parameters of Differentiation of Common
Species:

A

❑ Size
❑ Shape
- Round to oval
❑ Appearance
- They have distinct appearance under observation
❑ No. of sporozoites present in sporocyst

81
Q

No. of sporocyst
Isospora belli
Sarcocystis spp.
Cryptosporodium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis

A

2
2
None
2

82
Q

No. of sporozoites
Isospora belli
Sarcocystis spp.
Cryptosporodium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis

A

4
4
4
2

83
Q

is the leading cause of chronic diarrhea in
patients with HIV and AIDS.

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

84
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum can also cause?

A

recreational
water diarrhea

85
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
Morphological forms:

A

Tachyzoites:
Bradyzoites :

86
Q

Actively multiplying
morphological form,
contains variety of
organelles that are not
readily visible

A

Tachyzoites:

87
Q

Smaller than
tachyzoites, enclose
them selves to form a
cyst

A

Bradyzoites :

88
Q

– dangerous for pregnant woman: once acquired, it can lead
to congenital infection

A

Toxoplasma gondii

89
Q

can cause brain damage to patients who are
immunocompromised (w/ HIV or AIDs)

A

Toxoplasma gondii

90
Q

Haemosporidia: Plasmodium
Morphology:

A

❑ Ring form
❑ Developing Trophozoites
❑ Immature Schizonts
❑ Mature Schizonts
❑ Gametocytes

91
Q

Plasmodium:

A

P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. falciparum

92
Q

refers to a ringlike
appearance of the malarial
parasite following invasion into
a previously healthy RBC

A

Ring form

93
Q

evidence of active chromatin
replication

A

Immature Schizonts

94
Q

Emergence
of merozoite – fully developed
stage

A

Mature Schizonts

95
Q

“micro –
female” “macro – male”

A

Gametocytes

96
Q

Haemosporidia: Plasmodium
______ in shaped
consist of a large diffuse
_____
surrounded by ____

A

Round to oval; chromatin mass; halo

97
Q

Haemosporidia: Plasmodium
Parameters of Differentiation:

A

❑Age of infected RBC
❑Appearance of infected
RBC
❑Appearance of
morphological forms
❑Number of merozoites
❑Incubation period
❑Paroxysm Cycle

98
Q

P. vivax

Age of infected RBC

Appearance of infected RBC

Appearance of Morphological forms

Number of merozoites

Incubation period

Paroxysm cycle

A

Young and immature

Enlarged, distorted

The developing trophozoites are Irregular, amoeboid appearance

12 – 24

10 – 17 days

5 -7 hours

99
Q

P. ovale

Age of infected RBC

Appearance of infected RBC

Appearance of Morphological forms

Number of merozoites

Incubation period

Paroxysm cycle

A

Young and immature

Oval, enlarged, distorted with ragged walls

Rosette arrangement if merozoites

8 or less

7 – 30

Every 48 hours

100
Q

Symptom occurs every 48 hours

A

Tertian:

101
Q

Symptoms occur every 72 hours

A

Quartan:

102
Q

Malignant Tertian:

A

P. falciparum

103
Q

Benign Quartan:

A

P. malariae

104
Q

Benign Tertian:

A

P. ovale, P. vivax ( both with hypnozoites)

105
Q

P. malariae

Age of infected RBC

Appearance of infected RBC

Appearance of Morphological forms

Number of merozoites

Incubation period

Paroxysm cycle

A

Mature cells

Normal size, no distortion

Developing trophozoites contains band of cytoplasm

6-12

18 – 40 days

72 hours

106
Q

P. falcifarum

Age of infected RBC

Appearance of infected RBC

Appearance of Morphological forms

Number of merozoites

Incubation period

Paroxysm cycle

A

All ages

Normal size, no distortion

Ring form has headphone configuration
Crescent shape gametocytes

8-36

7-10 days

36 – 48
hours

107
Q

General life cycle
–in hepatic cells or in the liver/ outside
the red blood cell

A

Exoerythrocytic stage

108
Q

General life cycle
– in the red blood cell

A

Erythrocytic stage

109
Q

– Exoerythrocytic stage
– the radical cure for malaria

A

Primacine

110
Q

prophylactic therapy for malaria in the
Philippines (in chloroquine is not available). This is more
advisable to take two days prior to your trip going to malaria
infected place, and continue taking it as long as you are there

A

Doxycycline

111
Q

Metazoa:

A

❑Nematodes
❑Filarial Nematodes
❑Trematodes
❑Cestodes

112
Q

They are multicellular eukaryotic
organism

A

Metazoans

113
Q

As animals, they have organ systems

A

Metazoans

114
Q

However, the parasitic species often
have limited digestive tracts, nervous
systems, and locomotor abilities.

A

Metazoans

115
Q

Metazoans
May have ______________
cycles with several different life
stages and more than one type of
host.

A

complex reproductive

116
Q

Metazoa
– Some are _____having both male and female
reproductive organs in a single individual, while others are
_____ each having either male or female reproductive
organs.

A

monoecious, dioecious

117
Q

______: _______organism. One
organism have both male and female reproductive

A

Monoecious; hermaphrodite

118
Q

one is male, one is female

A

Dioecious

119
Q

The nematodes species may be divided into two groups,
those primarily involved with the intestinal tract, termed
______ species, and those that migrate into the tissue
following initial contact with the intestinal tract, termed
_______ species.

A

intestinal; intestinal tissue

120
Q

– The adult stage of a parasitic helminth is found in the

A

definitive host

121
Q

– Each larval stage of a parasitic helminth requires an

A

intermediate host

122
Q

– Morphological forms of soil-borne nematodes
(Necator, Ancylostoma and Strongyloides):

A

❑ Rhabditiform larva
❑ Filariform

123
Q

– early developmental stage
or juvenile stage

A

❑ Rhabditiform larva

124
Q

short and pointed, penetrates the skin

A

❑ Filariform

125
Q

Ingestion of eggs:

A

Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichuris

126
Q

Skin penetration:

A

Strongyloides, Necator, Ancylostoma

127
Q

Ingestion of larvae:

A

Trichinella spiralis

128
Q

Larvae transmission via insect bite:

A

Wuchereria, Loa,
Mansonella, Onchocerca, Drancunculus medinensis

129
Q

Enterobius vermicularis
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:

A

Pinworm, seatworm,
Oxyuriasis

Yellowish white in color, pointed,
resembles pinhead

130
Q

Trichuris trichiura
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:

A

Whipworm

Pinkish gray, resembles whip itself, males possess prominent curled tail

131
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:

A

Roundworm of man

Creamy white, pink tint, female has lead thickness, male has prominent incurved tail

132
Q

Strongyloides stercoloaris
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:

A

Threadworm

Colorless, transparent body, finely striated cuticle, short buccal cavity

133
Q

Necator americanus
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:

A

New world hookworm

Contains pair of cutting plates,
Male has
prominent
copulatory bursa

134
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:

A

Old world hookworm

Contains actual teeth,
Male has prominent copulatory bursa

135
Q

Trichinella spiralis
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:

A

Trichina worm

Thin anterior end females are
blunt and round posterior end,
males are curved

136
Q

Dracunculus medinensis
Common name:
Distinct Characteristic:

A

Guinea worm

Female has prominent rounded
anterior end, male coils its
anterior end at least once

137
Q

capable of autoinoculation

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

138
Q

Thread-like parasitic nematodes that are transmitted by
arthropod vectors

A

Filarial Nematodes

139
Q

Distinct features common to all adult tapeworms:
❑Scolex –
❑Proglottids–
❑Strobila–
❑Suckers–
❑Rostellum–
❑Tegument –

A
  • anterior end
  • individual segments in their - mature form
  • reproductive organs
  • attachment
  • extension of scolex
  • excreted waste products

PHMP LEC 211 (15 decks)

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