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PHMP LEC 211 > BASIC IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

BASIC IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

cells, tissues, and molecules
that mediate resistance to infections

A

Immune system

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2
Q

study of structure and function of
the immune system, study of the reactions of a
host when foreign substances are introduced into
the body.

A

Immunology

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3
Q

resistance of a host to pathogens and
their toxic effects

A

Immunity

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4
Q

collective and coordinated
response to the introduction of foreign
substances in an individual mediated by the cells
and molecules of the immune system

A

Immune response:

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5
Q

Role of Immune System

A

Defense against microbes
Defense against the growth of tumor cells
- kills the growth of tumor cells
Homeostasis
- destruction of abnormal or dead cells

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6
Q

Immune System: Organs

A

Tonsils and adenoids
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Payer’s patches
Appendix
Lymphatic vessels
Bone marrow

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7
Q

Immune System: Cells

A

Lymphocytes
☐ T-lymphocytes
☐ B-Lymphocytes, plasma cells
☐ natural killer lymphocytes
Monocytes, Macrophage
Granulocytes
☐ neutrophils
☐ eosinophils
☐ basophils

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8
Q

are proteins
produced by plasma cells that binds selectively to a specific
antigens (microorganisms) enabling our immune system to fight
them efficiently.

A

Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins)

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9
Q

are proteins in our plasma that inhibits or kills
foreign cells

A

Complements

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10
Q

are secreted proteins and act as signaling molecules

A

Cytokines

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11
Q

2 VARIATIONS OF CYTOKINES

A

INTERLEUKINS & INTERFERONS

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12
Q

signaling molecules expressed by white blood cells
(mostly helper T cells) and are involved in production of more
immune cell (differentiation)

A

INTERLEUKINS

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13
Q

are a group of signaling proteins made and released
by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses

A

INTERFERON

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14
Q

Two types of Immunity

A

INNATE(NON-ADAPTIVE)
ACQUIRED (ADAPTIVE)

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15
Q

☐ first line of immune response
☐ relies on mechanisms that exist before
infection

A

Innate (non-adaptive)

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16
Q

Second line of response (if innate fails)
☐ relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection

A

Acquired (adaptive)

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17
Q

Acquired (adaptive) is handled by what cells?

A

T- and B- lymphocytes

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18
Q

one cell determines one antigenic determinant

A

Acquired (adaptive)

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19
Q

Based on genetic make-up; in born
Relies on already formed components

A

Innate Immunity

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20
Q

what is the rate of response of innate immunity

A

Rapid response: within minutes of infection

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21
Q

Non-specific
same molecules / cells respond to a range of
pathogens

A

Innate Immunity

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22
Q

immunity with no memory

A

Innate Immunity

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23
Q

Innate Immunity does not lead to?

A

Clonal expansion

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24
Q

Components of Innate immunity

A

Mechanical barriers / surface
secretion
Humoral mechanisms
Cellular defense mechanisms

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25
Q

Mechanical barriers / surface
secretion:

A

skin, acidic pH in
stomach, cilia

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26
Q

Humoral mechanisms:

A

lysozymes, basic proteins,
complement, interferons

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27
Q

Cellular defense mechanisms

A

natural killer cells,
neutrophils, macrophages,
mast cells, basophils,
eosinophils

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28
Q

dilates blood vessel and induces inflammation through release of histamine and heparin. Recruits macrophages and neutrophils. Involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions

A

Mast Cell

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29
Q

Mast Cell location

A

Connective tissue; Mucous membrane

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30
Q

phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells. stimulates response of other immune cells.

A

Macrophage

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31
Q

Macrophage location?

A

Migrate from blood vessels to the tissues

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32
Q

Kills tumor cells and virus infected cells.

A

Natural killer cell

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33
Q

Natural killer cell location?

A

Circulates in blood and migrates into tissues

34
Q

Presents antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity

A

Dendritic cell

35
Q

Dendritic cell location?

A

Present in epithelial tissue, including skin, lung, and tissues of the digestive tract. Migrates to lymph nodes upon activation

36
Q

Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation

A

Monocyte

37
Q

Monocyte location?

A

Stored in spleen, moves through blood vessels to infected tissues

38
Q

First responders at the site of infection or trauma, the abundant phagocytic cell represents 50-60 percent all leukocytes.

A

Neutrophil

39
Q

Neutrophil location?

A

Migrates from the blood vessel into tissues.

40
Q

Responsible for defense against parasites. releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions.

A

Basophil

41
Q

Basophil location?

A

Circulates in blood and migrates into tissues.

42
Q

Releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage.

A

Eosinophil

43
Q

Eosinophil location?

A

Circulates in blood and migrates in tissues.

44
Q

Second line of defense

A

Adaptive Immunity

45
Q

Based upon resistance acquired throughout life
§ Relies on genetic events and cellular growth

A

Adaptive Immunity

46
Q

rate of response of Adaptive Immunity

A

Responds more slowly, over few days

47
Q

Is specific
§ Each cell responds to a single epitope on an
antigen

A

Adaptive Immunity

48
Q

Adaptive Immunity lead to

A

clonal expansion

49
Q

Natural active immunity:

A

Clinical, Sub-clinical
Infection

50
Q

Artificial Active immunity

A

Vaccination:
Live, killed, purified
antigen vaccine

51
Q

Natural passive immunity:

A

Via Breast milk,
Placenta; Vertically
transmitted

52
Q

Artificial passive immunity:

A

Immune serum,
Immune cells
(Immunoglobulins)

53
Q

Adaptive Immune Mechanisms

A

Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR)
Humoral immune response (HIR)

54
Q

cell of Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR)

A

T-lymphocytes

55
Q

Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR) eliminate _____microbes that survive
within phagocytes or other infected cells

A

intracellular

56
Q

cells of Humoral immune response (HIR)

A

B-lymphocytes

57
Q

Humoral immune response (HIR) is mediated by?

A

antibodies

58
Q

Humoral immune response (HIR) eliminates

A

extra-cellular
microbes and their toxins

59
Q

B lymphocytes recognize
specific antigens
☐ proliferate and
differentiate into
antibody-secreting
plasma cells

A

Humoral Response

60
Q

Antibodies bind to specific
antigens on microbes;
destroy microbes via specific
mechanisms

A

Humoral Response

61
Q

Some B lymphocytes evolve
into the resting state

A

memory cell

62
Q

T-cell
☐ recognizes peptide antigen
on macrophage in
association with major histo
compatibility complex
(MHC) class
☐ identifies molecules on cell
surfaces
☐ helps body distinguish non
self materials

A

Cell Mediated Immune Response

63
Q

T-cell goes into_____ cells
stage that is able to kill infected
cells

A

effectors

64
Q

T- lympocytes 2 types

A

Helper T- lymphocytes (CD4+).
Cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CD8+)

65
Q

activate phagocytes to kill

A

Helper T- lymphocytes (CD4+)

66
Q

destroy infected cells
containing microbes or microbial proteins

A

Cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CD8+)

67
Q

Primary response
☐ production of specific clones of ___ and ___

A

effector T
cells and memory clones

68
Q

Primary response develops in

A

several days

69
Q

Primary response does what in the infection?

A

Limits

70
Q

more pronounced, faster
☐ more effective at limiting the infection

A

Secondary response

71
Q

Secondary response examples

A

cytotoxic reactions against intracellular parasites, delayed
hypersensitivity (e.g., Tuberculin test) and allograft rejection

72
Q

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
§ Belong to the_____of serum proteins

A

gamma-globulin
fraction

73
Q

shapes of antibodies

A

T and Y-shaped polypeptides

74
Q

Antibodies is composed of:

A

2 identical heavy chains
§ 2 identical light chains

75
Q

Five kinds of antibodies

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

76
Q

Antibodies are
secreted into the
blood and mucosa,
where they bind to
and inactivate
foreign substances
such as pathogens
and toxins

A

Neutralization

77
Q

Antibodies
facilitate
phagocytosis of
foreign
substances by
phagocytic cells

A

opsonization

78
Q

Refers to the
clumping of
particles together,
is an antigen
antibody reaction

A

Agglutination

79
Q

IgG: Monomer ; ______
IgM: ___________; ______
IgA: ______;______
IgD: ______;______
IgE:______;______

A

Gamma Heavy chain
Pentamer; Mu Heavy chain
Monomeric; Alpha Heavy Chain
Monomeric; Delta Heavy Chain
Monomeric; Epsilon Heavy Chain

80
Q
A

PHMP LEC 211 (12 decks)

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