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PHMP LEC 211 > MYCOLOGY > Flashcards

MYCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi,
including their genetic and biochemical properties, their
taxonomy as well as pathogenesis and toxicity

A

Mycology

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2
Q

☐Eukaryotic microorganisms that occur ubiquitously in
nature in the domain Eucarya.

A

Fungi

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3
Q

Fungi
☐Eukaryotic microorganisms that occur ubiquitously in
nature in the domain____

A

Eucarya.

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4
Q

The kingdom fungi
(_____) has over 50,000 different species but only ____
have been identified as human pathogens.

A

Mycota; 200

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5
Q

Fill the fungi’s features below:

Diameter
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall content
Spores
Thermal dimorphism
Metabolism

A

Aprox. 4 nanogram (candida)
Eukaryotic
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum present
Sterols present
Chitin
Sexual and asexual spores for reproduction
Yes (some)
Require organic carbon; no obligate anaerobes

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6
Q

Fungal Cell wall is composed

A

CHITIN

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7
Q

a polysaccharide composed of long chains of _____ and plenty of polysaccharides such as _____

A

Chitin; N-acetylglucosmine; β- glucan

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8
Q

☐β- glucan: a long polymer of

A

D- glucose

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9
Q

Medically important ( site of echinocandin action)

A

☐β- glucan

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10
Q

Fungal Cell membrane is composed of

A

ERGOSTEROL

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11
Q

the alternative in human cholesterol)

A

☐Ergosterol

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12
Q

☐Site of action of Ampothericin B and Azoles

A

☐Ergosterol

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13
Q

☐Ergosterol is the ☐Site of action of

A

Ampothericin B and Azoles

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14
Q

Two types of Fungi

A

Yeast
Molds

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15
Q

A single cell that reproduce through budding

A

YEAST

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16
Q

Grow as long filaments ( hyphae) and form a mat
(mycelium)

A

Molds

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17
Q

Molds: Grow as long filaments ( ____) and form a mat
(_____)

A

hyphae; mycelium

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18
Q

Some hyphae for Transverse walls (_____ hyphae);
others do not (_____ hyphae)

A

septate; nonseptate

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19
Q

The taxonomy of the fungi is essentially based on their?

A

morphology

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20
Q

The taxonomy of the fungi is essentially based on their
morphology.
☐Classifications:

A

☐Dermatophytes
☐Yeast
☐Molds
☐Dimorphic fungi

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21
Q

☐ causes infection of the keratinized tissues

A

☐Dermatophytes:

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22
Q

single cells

A

☐Yeast:

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23
Q

☐ grow in filamentous structures

A

☐Molds:

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24
Q

☐They exist as molds in the environment at ambient
temperature and as yeasts (or other structures) in
human tissues at body temperature

A

☐Dimorphic fungi:

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25
Q

Morphology OF FUNGI IS COMPOSED OF:

A

☐Hypha
☐Mycelium
☐Fungal thallus
☐Yeast
☐Dimorphism

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26
Q

this is the basic
element of filamentous
fungi with a branched,
tubular structure, 2–10
lm in width.

A

☐Hypha

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27
Q

this is the
web or matlike structure
of hyphae.

A

☐Mycelium

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28
Q

this is the entirety of the mycelia

A

Fungal thallus:

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29
Q

Fungal thallus and is also
called the

A

fungal body or colony

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30
Q

the basic element of the unicellular fungi.

A

Yeast:

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31
Q

Yeast: the basic element of the unicellular fungi. It is round
to oval and ____ in diameter.

A

3– 10 micrometer

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31
Q

Several elongated
yeast cells chained together and resembling true hyphae are
called

A

pseudohyphae

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32
Q

some fungal species can develop either the
yeast or the mycelium form depending on the environmental
conditions, a property called

A

dimorphism.

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33
Q

Dimorphic pathogenic fungi take the form of ____ cells
in the ____ stage and appear as _____ in the ____ stage

A

yeast; parasitic; mycelia; saprophytic

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34
Q

All fungi are

A

carbon heterotrophs

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35
Q

☐Dependent on exogenous nutrient substrates as sources of organic carbon, and with a few exceptions, fungi are obligate aerobes.

A

carbon heterotrophs

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36
Q

None of the fungi are

A

obligate anaerobes

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37
Q

Known Metabolic Types:

A

☐Thermophilic
☐Psychrophilic
☐Acidophilic
☐Halophilic

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38
Q

☐They reproduce
sexually by mating and
forming sexual spores

A

Sexual reproduction:

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39
Q

Sexual reproduction may commence as

A

☐Zygospores:
☐Ascospores:
☐Basidiospores:

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40
Q

Single
large spore with thick
walls

A

☐Zygospores:

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41
Q

Formed
in a sac called ascus

A

☐Ascospores:

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42
Q

☐Ascospores: Formed
in a sac called

A

ascus

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43
Q

____Formed externally on
the tip of the pedestal
called_____

A

☐Basidiospores:; basidium

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44
Q

Asexual reproduction may commence as

A

☐A. Arthrospore:
☐B. Chlamydospore:
☐C. Blastospores:
☐D. Sporangiospores:

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45
Q

☐Formation of conidia
(asexual spores) from
the sides or the ends of
specialized structures

A

Asexual reproduction:

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46
Q

_____arises
by fragmentation of the
ends of the hyphae(
mode of transmission
of ______)

A

☐A. Arthrospore; Coccidiodes immitis

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47
Q

rounded, thick-walled
and quite resistant.

A

☐B. Chlamydospore:

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48
Q

formed by
budding process of yeast

A

☐C. Blastospores:

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49
Q

☐Some yeast ( _____, can form
multiple buds that do not
detach, thus producing
sausage-like chains
called ______

A

C. albicans; pseudohyphae

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50
Q

______ formed
within a sac (sporangium) on
a stalk by molds such as
____&_____

A

☐D. Sporangiospores; Rhizopus and Mucor

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51
Q

Medical Mycoses according to site of infection:

A

☐Superficial mycoses
☐Cutaneous mycoses
☐Subcutaneous mycoses
☐Deep Mycoses
☐Systemic mycoses
☐Opportunistic mycoses

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52
Q

☐ Fungi that are able to cause systemic infection

A

☐ Fungi that are able to cause systemic infection

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53
Q

☐ Fungi that are able to cause systemic infection are ☐Primarily involve the _____ system

A

respiratory

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54
Q

☐Systemic infection caused by normal flora that become
opportunistic in immunocompromised patients

A

☐Opportunistic mycoses:

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55
Q

These are limited to the stratum
corneum and essentially elicit no
inflammation.

A

Superficial Mycoses

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56
Q

is a
common superficial mycosis,
which is characterized by
hypopigmentation or
hyperpigmentation of skin of the
neck, shoulders, chest, and
back.

A

Pityriasis versicolor

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57
Q

☐Pityriasis versicolor is due to____, ____, ____, which
involves only the superficial
keratin layer.

A

Malassezia furfur,
Malassezia globosa,
Malassezia restricta,

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58
Q

_____is a superficial
mycosis due to _____
which is manifested by a small
firm black nodule involving the
hair shaft.

A

Black piedra; Piedraia hortae

59
Q

______due to
______ is
characterized by a
larger, softer and
yellowish nodules on
hair

A

White piedra; Trichosporon beigelii

60
Q

______most
typically presents as a
brown to black silver
nitrate-like stain on the
palm of the hand or sole
of the foot and and is
caused by
______

A

Tinea nigra; Hortaea werneckii

61
Q

☐caused by fungi (_____) that infect only superficial
keratinized structures (skin, hair, and nails), not deeper tissues.

A

dermatophytes

62
Q

dermatophytes ☐Three important genera:

A

☐Microsporum:
☐Trichophyton:
☐Epidermophyton:

63
Q

Infects hair and skin but not the nails

A

☐Microsporum:

64
Q

Infects hair, skin and nails

A

☐Trichophyton:

65
Q

Infects skin and nails but not the hair

A

☐Epidermophyton:

66
Q

☐cutaneous infections due to other fungi, the most common of
which are ______ spp

A

Dermatomycoses; Candida

67
Q

_____ affects the feet; ____

A

☐Tinea pedis; ☐Athelete’s foot

68
Q

_____ affects
the fingernails and
toenails; ______

A

☐Tinea unguium; ☐Onchomycosis

69
Q

_____affects the arms limbs and trunk; _____

A

☐Tinea corporis; ☐Ring worm

70
Q

_____ affects the groin area; _____

A

☐Tinea cruris; ☐Jock itch

71
Q

affects the hand and
palm area worse than
tinea pedis

A

☐Tinea manuum:

72
Q

affects
the scalp

A

☐Tinea capitis:

73
Q

____ affects the facial hair; ____

A

☐Tinea barbae; ☐Barber’s itch

74
Q

____affects the face; ____

A

☐Tinea faciei; ☐Face fungus

75
Q

☐These include a range of
different infections
characterized by infection
of the subcutaneous
tissues usually at the point
of traumatic inoculation

A

Subcutaneous Mycoses

76
Q

☐An inflammatory response
develops in the
subcutaneous tissue
frequently with extension
into the epidermis.

A

Subcutaneous Mycoses

77
Q

Subcutaneous Mycoses

Three general types:

A

☐Chromoblastomycosis
☐Mycetoma
☐Sporothricosis

78
Q

Subcutaneous mycosis
characterized by
verrucoid lesions of the
skin (usually of the lower
extremities);

A

Chromoblastomycosis

79
Q

Chromoblastomycosis Subcutaneous mycosis
characterized by
_____ of the
skin (usually of the lower
extremities);

A

verrucoid lesions

80
Q

Histological examination
reveals muriform cells
(with perpendicular
septations) or so-called
“copper pennies” that are
characteristic of this
infection.

A

Chromoblastomycosis

81
Q

Chromoblastomycosis Histological examination
reveals _____
(with perpendicular
septations) or so-called
“______” that are
characteristic of this
infection.

A

muriform cells; copper pennies

82
Q

Generally limited to the
subcutaneous tissue with no
involvement of bone, tendon, or
muscle.

A

Chromoblastomycosis

83
Q

☐The most common causes of
chromoblastomycosis:

A

☐Fonsecaea pedrosoi
☐ Pedroso’s disease
☐Fonsecaea compacta
☐ Fonseca’s disease
☐Cladophialophora carrionii,
☐ Cladosporiosis
☐Rhinocladeiella aquaspersa
☐Phialophora verrucosa.

84
Q

_____ *A _____ and
______ subcutaneous
mycosis, which is destructive
of contiguous bone, tendon,
and skeletal muscle.

A

Mycetoma; suppurative; granulomatous

85
Q

is characterized
by the presence of draining
sinus tracts from which small
but grossly visible pigmented
grains or granules are
extruded.

A

*Mycetoma

86
Q

☐The causes of mycetoma
are more diverse but can be
classified as ____ and
_____ mycetoma.

A

eumycotic; actinomycotic

87
Q

☐The most common agent:
☐ Eumycotic mycetoma
________________
☐Actinomycotic mycetoma
________________.

A

Pseudallescheria boydii

Nocardia brasiliensis

88
Q

Mycetoma: ____ foot

A

Madura

89
Q

Fungi causing mycetoma:

A

Dematiaceous (melanized) Fungi

90
Q

Fungi causing mycetoma:
- Dematiaceous (melanized) Fungi
- Pigmented ______
- The melanin pigment is
deposited in the _____ of
these organisms.
These fungi may produce a
range of infections from
____to ______to
______ infection
characterized by the presence of
dematiaceous hyphal and/or
yeast-like cells in tissue.

A

brown to black.
cell wall
superficial ; subcutaneous ; deep (visceral)

91
Q

deep infections due to
dematiaceous fungi are termed

A

phaeohyphomycosis

92
Q

______☐This infection is due to
_______ and
involves the subcutaneous
tissue at the point of
traumatic inoculation.

A

Sporotrichosis; Sporothrix schenckii

93
Q

☐The infection usually
spreads along cutaneous
lymphatic channels of the
extremity involved.

A

Sporotrichosis

94
Q

The _____ pathogenic fungi are
able to establish infection in a
normal host

A

primary

95
Q

The primary deep pathogens
usually gain access to the host
via the

A

respiratory tract.

96
Q

The primary systemic fungal
pathogens include

A

A. Coccidioides immitis
B. Histoplasma capsulatum
C. Blastomyces dermatitidis
D. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

97
Q

Coccidioidomycosis Known as the

A

“Valley Fever”

98
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

Known as the “Valley Fever”
- The _______ of
Coccidioides immitis are
inhaled and convert in the
lung to _____.
- Most cases of are clinically
_____ or mild infections in
patients who inhale infective
arthroconidia.
- Some patients have
______
infection and also may suffer
dissemination to the brain,
bone, and other sites.

A

arthrococonidia; spherules
occult
progressive pulmonary

99
Q

is a life-threatening infection of Coccidioidomycosis
requiring lifelong treatment.

A

Coccidioides meningitis

100
Q

A primary pulmonary infection
resulting from inhalation of conidia
of Histoplasma capsulatum which
convert in vivo into the
blastoconidial (budding yeast) form

A

Histoplasmosis

101
Q

Histoplasmosis
A primary pulmonary infection
resulting from inhalation of conidia
of ________ which
convert _____ into the
______ (budding yeast) form

A

Histoplasma capsulatum; in vivo; blastoconidial

102
Q

Dissemination to the hilar and
mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen,
liver, bone marrow, and brain may
be life-threatening in infants and
other immunocompromised
patients. Common in AIDS

A

Histoplasmosis

103
Q

Histoplasmosis (like ______)
is characterized by ______ of the pathogen in
macrophages and a
granulomatous reaction in tissue.

A

tuberculosis; intracellular
growth

104
Q

☐Histoplasmosis also may be
associated with a chronic
inflammatory process known as
______, where
scar tissue (formed in response
to H. capsulatum) encroaches on
vital structures in the
mediastinum (mid chest area)

A

fibrosing mediastinitis

105
Q

Similar to histoplasmosis, is a
primary pulmonary infection
resulting from inhalation of
conidia from the mycelial phase
of Blastomyces dermatitidis
which convert in vivo to the
parasitic yeast phase.

A

Blastomycosis

106
Q

Blastomycosis
Similar to histoplasmosis, is a
primary pulmonary infection
resulting from inhalation of
conidia from the ______ phase
of _______
which convert in vivo to the
______ phase.

A

mycelial; Blastomyces dermatitidis; parasitic yeast

107
Q

In the
______ phase also
causes a primary pulmonary
infection. This may cause
______

A

blastoconidial; chronic pneumonia

108
Q

The organism elicits a
granulomatous reaction often
associated with a marked
fibrotic reaction.

A

Blastomycosis

109
Q

spread of the fungi to the skin,
bones and prostate in male

A

Disseminated Blastomycosis:

110
Q

causes paracoccidioidomycosis

A

☐Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

111
Q

☐Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
causes

A

paracoccidioidomycosis

112
Q

paracoccidioidomycosis ☐also known as

A

South American
blastomycosis.

113
Q

Paracoccidiodes
A ______ that exists as a mold in ____ and as a yeast in _____. The yeast is thick-walled with multiple
buds, in contrast to ______, has a single bud

A

dimorphic fungus; soil; tissue; B. dermatitidis

114
Q

☐This fungus grows in the soil and
is endemic in rural Latin America.
Disease occurs only in that
region.

A

Paracoccidiodes

115
Q

Paracoccidioides:
yeasts with multiple buds
resembling a_____

Stain:_____

A

“ship captain’s wheel.”; Methenamine silver stain

116
Q

Opportunistic fungi causing
______invade via the
respiratory tract, alimentary
tract, or intravascular devices.

A

deep mycosis

117
Q

The opportunistic fungal
pathogens include:

A

Cryptococcus neoformans
Candida spp.
Aspergillus spp.
Penicillium marneffei
the Zygomycetes
Trichosporon beigelii
Fusarium oxysporum

118
Q

is the most
common opportunistic fungal infection.

A

Candidiasis

119
Q

is the most
common cause of candidiasis.

A

Candida albicans

120
Q

may involve the epidermal and mucosal surfaces, including those of
the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, intestines, urinary bladder, and
vagina

A

A. Superficial candidiasis

121
Q

The alimentary tract and intravascular catheters are the major
portals of entry

A

B. Deep (or visceral) candidiasis.

122
Q

The kidneys, liver, spleen, brain, eyes, heart, and other tissues are
the major organ sites involved in_____

A

deep or visceral candidiasis.

123
Q

The principal risk factors predisposing to deeply invasive
candidiasis are protracted courses of:

A

broad spectrum antibiotics,
cytotoxic chemotherapy, corticosteroids, and
vascular catheters.

124
Q

most
frequently involves the lungs
and paranasal sinuses.

A

*Invasive aspergillosis

125
Q

*The fungus, _____ may disseminate
from the lungs to involve the
brain, kidneys, liver, heart, and
bones.

A

Aspergillus
fumigatus

126
Q

*The main portal of entry for
aspergillosis is the ______, however, injuries to the
skin may also introduce the
organism into susceptible hosts.

A

respiratory
tract

127
Q

fungus ball that colonizes in a healed lung scar or abscess from a previous disease

A

Aspergilloma

128
Q

Zygomycosis due to
_____, _____, ____, _____, species, or
other members of the class
of Zygomycetes, also
causes invasive
Sinopulmonary infections.

A

Rhizopus, Rhizomucor,
Absidia, Mucor

129
Q

An especially life-threatening
form of zygomycosis (also
known as ______), is
known as the ______
syndrome, which occurs in
diabetics with ______,
this disease is highly lethal

A

Mucormycosis; rhinocerebral; ketoacidosis

130
Q

Zygomycosis in the eyes

A

Periorbital mucormycosis

131
Q

is an
encapsulated yeast that is
most typically an opportunistic
fungal infection that most
frequently causes pneumonia
and/or meningitis.

A

Cryptococcosis

132
Q

most common
risk factor for Developing
cryptococcosis:

A

Defective cellular immunity/ acquired Immune deficiency syndrome

133
Q

Cryptococcosis It is caused by

A

Cryptococcus
neoformans

134
Q

is an
infection by brown to black
pigmented fungi of the
cutaneous, superficial, and
deep tissues, especially brain.

A

Phaeohyphomycosis

135
Q

is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by any of
a variety of normally saprophytic fungi with hyaline hyphal elements.

A

Hyalohyphomycosis

136
Q

Hyalohyphomycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by any of
a variety of normally saprophytic fungi with_______

A

hyaline hyphal elements.

137
Q

fungal agent with septate hyphae and nonpigmented (hyaline)

A

Hyalohyphomycosis

138
Q

☐Traditionally, the _____&______ forms of
hyalohyphomycosis have been most commonly identified

A

disseminated and corneal

139
Q

Fungal keratitis due to

A

Acremonium strictum

140
Q

is the morphological and
physiological conversion of certain fungi from one
phenotype to another when such fungi change from
one environment to another.

A

Fungal dimorphism

141
Q

Dimorphic fungi include:

and certain opportunistic fungi such as:

A

C immitis,
H capsulatum,
B dermatitidis,
P brasiliensis,
P marneffei, and
S schenckii,

Candida albicans
Penicillium marneffei.

142
Q

Various environmental host factors control fungal
dimorphism. These factors include:

A

amino acids,
temperature,
carbohydrates, and
trace elements (e.g. zinc).

143
Q

______ the morphological transformation is from a
hyphal form to a yeast-like form (or spherule in the case of
C immitis) in tissue

A

S. schenckii,

144
Q

.the dimorphism of ______ is somewhat different
in that the organism transforms from a _____ yeast-like
structures (blastoconidia) to _____ structures known
as ______. Other filamentous structures may later
develop as _____ and _____.

A

Candida albicans; budding; filamentous; germ tubes; pseudohyphae; hyphae

145
Q

is unique in being the only
Penicillium species pathogenic to humans.

A

Penicillium marneffei

146
Q
A

PHMP LEC 211 (15 decks)

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