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PHMP LEC 211 > MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE EYES AND SKIN(2) > Flashcards

MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE EYES AND SKIN(2) Flashcards

1
Q

is a physical barrier against microorganisms.

A

skin

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2
Q

_____areas of the skin support larger populations of
bacteria than dry areas.

A

Moist

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3
Q

Structure and Function of the Skin

A
  1. Epidermidis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutaneous
  4. Adipose tissue/ fats
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4
Q

Components:

A

➔ Keratin
➔ Sebum
➔ Perspiration

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5
Q

waterproofing of the skin

A

➔ Keratin

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6
Q

oil that moisturizes the skin

A

➔ Sebum

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7
Q

regulates body temp

A

➔ Perspiration

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8
Q

● The outer portion of the skin
● Composed of several layer of epithelial cells

A

EPIDERMIDIS

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9
Q

The outermost layer, the stratum corneum, consists of
many rows of dead cells that contains a waterproofing
protein called keratin

A

EPIDERMIDIS

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10
Q

Effective physical barrier against mo

A

EPIDERMIDIS

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11
Q

● The inner, relatively thick portion of skin
● Composed mainly of connective tissue

A

DERMIS

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12
Q

DERMIS
● The _____,_____,____, in the dermis provide passageways through which
microorganisms can enter the skin and penetrate deeper
tissues.

A

hair follicles, sweat gland ducts, and oil gland
ducts

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13
Q

● Provides moisture and some nutrients for microbial
growth
● Also contains salt which inhibits many microorganisms

A

PERSPIRATION

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14
Q

PERSPIRATION
Contains the enzyme _______, which is capable of
breaking down the cell walls of certain bacteria; and
antimicrobial peptides.

A

lysozyme

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15
Q

● Secreted by oil glands
● A mixture of lipids (unsaturated fatty acids), proteins,
and salts
● Prevents skin and hair from drying out

A

SEBUM

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16
Q

MUCOUS MEMBRANE
● a.k.a.

A

Mucosa

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17
Q

● Lines the body cavities that open to the exterior, i.e.
gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and genital tracts

A

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

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18
Q

● Consists of sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells
attached at their bases to a layer of extracellular material
called basement membrane

A

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

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19
Q

Membranes of the eyes are mechanically washed by
_____, and the _____ in tears destroys the cell walls
of certain bacteria

A

tears

lysozymes

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20
Q

Microorganisms that live on skin are resistant to

A

desiccation and high concentrations of salt.

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21
Q

predominate on the skin.

A

Gram-positive cocci

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22
Q

Members of the genus ______ metabolize oil
from the oil glands and colonize hair follicles.

A

Cutibacterium

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23
Q

______yeast grows on oily secretions and
may be the cause of dandruff.

A

Malassezia furfur

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24
Q

The majority (90%) of skin microbiota consist of
coagulase-negative_____

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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25
Q

dandruff:

A

Seborrheic dermatitis

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26
Q

are small fluid-filled lesions

A

Vesicles

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27
Q

are vesicles larger than 1 cm

A

Bullae

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28
Q

are flat, reddened lesions

A

Macules

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29
Q

are raised lesions

A

Papules

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30
Q

are raised lesions containing pus

A

Pustules

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31
Q

are spherical gram-positive bacteria that
form irregular grape-like clusters

A

Staphylococci

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32
Q

● Coagulase-positive:
● Coagulase-negative:

A

S. aureus
S. epidermidis

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33
Q

Localized infections (____) result
from entry of _____ through openings in the skin.

A

sties, pimples, and boils

S. aureus

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34
Q

is a furuncle which extensively damages
neighboring tissues

A

Carbuncle

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35
Q

Produce a hard, round deep inflammation of
tissue under the skin

A

Carbuncle

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36
Q

occurs when toxins enter the bloodstream

A

Toxemia

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37
Q

staphylococcal toxemias include :

A

scalded skin
syndrome and toxic shock syndrome

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38
Q

is also characteristic of the late
stages of toxic shock syndrome (TSS).

A

● Scalded skin syndrome

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39
Q

Potential life-threatening condition, fever,
vomiting, and a sunburn-like rash

A

Scalded skin syndrome

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40
Q

Scalded skin syndrome
Caused by a staphylococcal toxin called

A

TSST-1

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41
Q

● Very common on the skin
● Generally pathogenic only when the skin barrier is
broken or is invaded by medical procedures, e.g.
insertion and removal of catheters into veins

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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42
Q

● Resident microbiota of the nasal passage
-produce
coagulase

A

Staphylococcus aureus “gold”

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43
Q

Staphylococcus aureus Forms

A

golden-yellow colonies

44
Q

Causes food poisoning

A

Staphylococcus aureus

45
Q

is a highly contagious skin infection caused by
Staphylococcus aureus Characterized by isolated
yellow pustules that become crusted.

46
Q

S. aureus produces exfoliative toxins:

A

★ Exfoliatin A
★ Exfoliatin B

47
Q

causes localized, bullous
impetigo

A

Exfoliatin A

48
Q

causes the systemic infection of
scalded skin syndrome

A

★ Exfoliatin B

49
Q

are gram-positive spherical bacteria that
usually grow in chains.

A

Streptococci

50
Q

Cause a wide range of disease conditions including
meningitis, pneumonia, sore throat, otitis media,
endocarditis, puerperal fever, and even dental caries.

A

Streptococcus

51
Q

Streptococci are classified according to their

A

hemolytic
enzymes (hemolysin) and cell wall antigens.

52
Q

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

53
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes
● Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS) produce a
number of virulence factors:

A

M protein,
deoxyribonuclease, streptokinases, and
hyaluronidase.

54
Q

Cause severe and rapid tissue destruction.

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

55
Q

● Skin erupts into reddish patches with raised margins

A

ERYSIPELAS

56
Q

ERYSIPELAS
● Can progress to local tissue destruction and even enter
the bloodstream causing

57
Q

● Usually appears first on the face
● High fever is common

A

ERYSIPELAS

58
Q

ERYSIPELAS
● Can cause

A

acute glomerulonephritis and scarlet fever

59
Q

● Invasive group A streptococcal infection that destroys
tissue and initially resembles TSS
● “Flesh-eating bacteria”

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

60
Q

● Causes by pyrogenic toxins, streptococcal M Protein
types (act as superantigens)
● Associated with streptococcal TSS

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

61
Q

● Aerobic gram-negative rod
● Resistant to many antibiotic and disinfectant

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

62
Q

● Can survive in any moist environment, traces of
unusual organic matter such as soap films, cap liner
adhesives
● Common nosocomial infection

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

63
Q

● Diseases caused by P. aeruginosa include

A

otitis externa
(inflammation of external part of the ear) , respiratory
infections, burn infections, and dermatitis

64
Q

Produces an endotoxin and several exotoxins

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

65
Q

● Causes deep-tissue ulceration

A

Mycobacterium ulcerans

66
Q

● Mycobacterium ulcerans
● Causes deep-tissue ulceration or

A

Buruli ulcer

67
Q

● Cutibacterium acnes
➔ Formerly known as

A

Propionibacterium acnes

68
Q

● Cutibacterium acnes
➔ Tx:

A

Isotretinoin (LAST LINE OF TREATMENT

69
Q

Cutibacterium acnes:

A

● Comedonal (mild) acne
● Inflammatory (moderate) acne
● Nodular cystic (severe) acne

70
Q

cause skin cells to proliferate and
produce a benign growth called a wart or papilloma.

A

Papillomaviruses

71
Q

Warts are transmitted from one person to another by

A

direct contact, even sexually

72
Q

WARTS
Common strain:

73
Q

WARTS
Pharmacologic Treatment

A

➔ Salicylic acid
➔ Podofilox
➔ Imiquimod
➔ Bleomycin

74
Q

WARTS
Nonpharmacologic Treatment

A

➔ Cryotherapy : freeze
➔ Electrodessication
➔ Acid treatment : glycolic acid
➔ Laser

75
Q

Variola, also known as _____, is caused by an
_____ known as _____ (variola) virus.

A

smallpox;orthopoxvirus

76
Q

Variola virus causes two types of skin infections:

A

variola
major and variola minor.

77
Q

Smallpox is transmitted by the ____ route, and
the virus is moved to the skin via the ____.

A

respiratory

bloodstream

78
Q

VARIOLA:

A
  1. Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV)
  2. Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV)
  3. Tai Forest Ebolavirus (TAFV)
  4. Bundibugyo Ebolavirus (BDBV)
  5. Reston Ebolavirus (RESTV)
79
Q

Is a relatively mild disease when
contracted, as it usually is, in childhood.

A

Chickenpox (varicella)

80
Q

It is the initial infection of a herpesvirus Varicellovirus

A

Varicella-Zoster

81
Q

The species is varicella-zoster, or officially

A

human
herpesvirus (HHV-3)

82
Q

is transmitted by the respiratory route and is
localized in skin cells after about 2 weeks.

83
Q

Complications of chickenpox include

A

encephalitis and
Reye’s syndrome

84
Q

HHV-3 can be treated with

85
Q

Characterized by a vesicular rash along the affected
cutaneous sensory nerves

86
Q

After chickenpox, the virus can remain latent in nerve
cells and subsequently activate as ____

87
Q

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) can be separated into two
identifiable groups:

A

● HSV-1 (or human herpesvirus 1) : oral
● HSV-2 (or human herpesvirus 2): genital

88
Q

➔ Herpes simplex (HSV-1) infection of mucosal
cells
➔ Painful, short-lived vesicles that occur near the
outer red margin of the lips

A

Cold sores

89
Q

¨HSV-1 is transmitted primarily by

A

skin contact, oral and
respiratory routes.

90
Q

occurs when herpes simplex
viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infect the brain.

A

Herpes encephalitis

91
Q

Cold sores
Treatment

92
Q

Caused by measles virus

A

Measles (Rubeola)

93
Q

An extremely contagious viral disease transmitted by the
respiratory route

A

Measles (Rubeola)

94
Q

against measles provides
effective long-term immunity

A

MMR vaccine

95
Q

After the measles virus has incubated (10-12 days) in the
upper respiratory tract, the following signs and symptoms
appear.

➔ _____ appear on the skin.
➔ ______ appear on the oral mucosa.

A

Macular lesions
Koplik’s spots

96
Q

is transmitted by the respiratory
route and causes a red rash and light fever.

A

Rubella (German measles)

97
Q

can affect a fetus when
a woman contracts rubella during the first trimester of
her pregnancy.

A

Congenital rubella syndrome

98
Q

● Fifth disease
➔ Also known as

A

erythema infectiosum

99
Q

Fifth disease
➔ Causes by

A

human parvovirus B19

100
Q

➔ Characterized by symptoms similar to mild
influenza and a slapped-cheek facial rash that
slowly fades

A

Fifth disease

101
Q

➔ Mild, very common childhood disease caused
by HHV-6 and HHV-7

A

● Roseola - Roseola infantum ( tigdas)

102
Q
  • kaposi sarcoma, people who have aids
103
Q

An infection in young children in day care,
preschool, and kindergarten
➔ Caused by several enteroviruses

A

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

104
Q

Spread by contact with mucous or saliva of an
infected person

A

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

PHMP LEC 211 (15 decks)

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