PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE

Question 1

Describe the genome of Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae.

Answer 1

Circular double-stranded DNA

Question 2

Papillomaviruses can cause visible (proliferative, usually exophytic focus of epithelial thickening) on the ____ and ____ membranes.

Answer 2

skin; mucosal

Question 3

Papillomavirus-induced papillomas causes ?

Answer 3

warts (hyperplastic lesions) —> most common in young animals —> invariable spontaneously RESOLVE

Question 4

Nonviral papillomas causes?

Answer 4

Benign neoplasms —> older animals —> NOT RESOLVE

Question 5

Cutaneous (skin) papillomas are most common in what animal?

Answer 5

Cattle

Question 6

Oral papillomas are seen frequently in what animals?

Answer 6

Young dogs and rabbits

Question 7

Genital papillomas are common in ?`

Answer 7

Domestic livestock

Question 8

Diagnostic methods for Papillomaviruses

Answer 8

1. Histological observation (cytopathologic features)
2. Immunohistochemistry
3. PCR
4. Next generation sequencing

Question 9

Papillomavirues can easily be grown in cell cultures. True or False?

Answer 9

False

Question 10

Vast majority of papillomaviruses only infect _____ and induce _____ papilloma comprised of thickened folded epithelium.

Answer 10

keratinocytes; squamous

Question 11

This papillomavirus causes proliferation of both keratinocytes and underlying fibroblasts producing fibropapillomas.

Answer 11

Deltapapillomaviruses

Question 12

Give the virion property of Papillomavirus.

Answer 12

Nonenveloped, spherical, icosahedral symmetry

Question 13

Replication of Papillomaviruses is linked to growth and differentiation of cells in ?

Answer 13

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 14

Give the pathogenesis of Papillomavirus.

Answer 14

1. Starts with microtrauma
2. Interaction of papillomavirus with basement membrane
3. Infection of secondary receptor of basal keratinocyte
4. Cell entry
5. Transportation to various locations

Question 15

Most papillomaviruses strongly increase keratinocyte replication. True or False?

Answer 15

False, mildly

Question 16

Papillomaviruses has an ability to force the infected cell to keep dividing and retain their
nuclei via the expression of ?

Answer 16

Additional E genes

Question 17

Papillomaviruses cause cell lysis. True or False?

Answer 17

False

Question 18

In productive replication, cellular changes are observed including ?

Answer 18

Enlarged cells with
shrunken nuclei surrounded by a clear halo (koilocytes)

Question 19

This prevents the infected cell from leaving the cell cycle; classified as oncoproteins

Answer 19

E proteins

Question 20

Papillomavirus-induced papillomas and fibropapillomas are recognized more commonly in _____.

Answer 20

cattle

Question 21

Transmission modes of Papillomavirus in cattle

Answer 21

1. Fomites
2. Rubbing posts
3. Wire fences
4. Sexual transmission

Question 22

Cattle papillomavirus: Infection of epithelial cells results in hyperplasia and hyperkeratinization, usually within ___ weeks of exposure.

Answer 22

6

Question 23

Cattle papillomavirus: In general, papillomas persist for _____ months before spontaneous regression.

Answer 23

1-6 months

Question 24

Give the histological features of fibropapillomas.

Answer 24

• Extensively thickened folded epithelium
• Productive papillomavirus replication overlying a typically normal dermis

Question 25

Give the histological features of fibropapillomas.

Answer 25

* Exophytic or pedunculated * Small firm nodules to large CAULIFLOWER-LIKE GROWTHS * Grayish to black in color * Rough and spiny to the touch * Proliferation of dermal fibroblasts that form a fibrous core

Question 26

Papillomavirus in cattle causes benign self-resolving papillomas. True or False?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Bovine papillomaviruses have been associated with ?

Answer 27

Neoplasia - BPV-2 associated bladder cancer & BPV-4 associated upper alimentary tract

Question 28

Give the diagnostic methods for Bovine papillomaviruses.

Answer 28

1. Histologic detection of virus-induced cell changes 2. Immunohistochemical detection 3. Electron microscopic visualization

Question 29

What are the preventive measurers for Bovine papillomaviruses?

Answer 29

o Inactivated bovine papillomavirus o Viral capsid proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology prevents papilloma formation o But there is currently little justification for routine vaccination to prevent papillomavirus infections of cattle

Question 30

What are the therapeutic strategies for Bovine papillomaviruses?

Answer 30

o Inoculation with formalin-inactivated, homogenized, autologous wart tissue o But efficacy has never been properly evaluated

Question 31

Papillomaviruses of horses: Give the causative agent and clinical signs of cutaneous papillomas in horse.

Answer 31

*** Caused by EcPV-1 o Small, elevated, keratinized lesions o Common around lips and nose of young horses o Also occur on ears, eyelids and limbs o Generally regress within 9 months o Some elect surgical excision

Question 32

Papillomaviruses of horses: Give the causative agent and clinical signs of aural plaques in horse.

Answer 32

*** Associated with EcPV-3, 4, 5, 6 o Descrete, raised, smooth or rough-ended pale plaques or nodules on the inner surface of the pinnae of the ear

Question 33

Papillomaviruses of horses: Give the causative agent and clinical signs of genital papillomas in horse.

Answer 33

*** Caused by EcPV-2 o Singularly or multiple papillomas covering much of the penis (papillomatosis)

Question 34

Papillomaviruses of horses: Give the causative agent and clinical signs of penile and preputial squamous cell carcinomas in horse.

Answer 34

*** EcPV-2 o Relatively common cancers of horses

Question 35

Papillomaviruses of horses: Give the causative agent and clinical signs of sarcoids in horse.

Answer 35

*** BPV-1, -2, -13 o Most common skin tumor of horses, mules and donkeys o Appearances: verrucous (wart-like), fibroblastic, mixed, flat o Treatments: surgical excision, cryotherapy, hyperthermia, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, antiviral treatments, immunomodulation

Question 36

Papillomaviruses of Dogs (Canine oral papillomavirus): Give the causative agent and clinical signs of oral papillomas in dogs.

Answer 36

*** CPV-1 * Oral papillomas, cutaneous papillomas, cutaneous pigmented plaques * Affected dogs are typically young * Warts usually first develop on the lips, but can spread to the buccal mucosa, tongue, palate, and pharynx