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VIROLOGY LECTURE > INTRODUCTION TO VIRUSES: BRIEF HISTORY, CLASSIFICATIONS, & REPLICATIONS > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO VIRUSES: BRIEF HISTORY, CLASSIFICATIONS, & REPLICATIONS Flashcards

1
Q

The capsid together with the enclosed nucleic acid core

A

Nucleocapsid

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2
Q

Choose between the three: 1. Parvoviruses; 2. Picornaviruses, 3. Herpesviridae and Paramyxoviridae

It comprises viral proteins and RNA.

A

Picornaviruses

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3
Q

Which was the year of reemergence of Ebola in West Africa?

A

2014

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4
Q

These are filterable agents that could not be cultivated on artificial media.

A

Virus

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5
Q

Who developed the Baltimore classification system?

A

David Baltimore

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6
Q

When and who discovered foot and mouth disease caused by filterable agent?

A

1898, Loeffler and Frosch

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7
Q

When and who discovered Myxoma virus?

A

1898, Sanarelli

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8
Q

In Retroviruses, what is its essential component to make the reverse transcriptase reaction?

A

tRNA

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9
Q

Give 3 single-stranded DNA viruses.

A
  1. Anelloviridae
  2. Circoviridae
  3. Parvoviridae
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10
Q

Viruses contain only one type of nucleic acid that carries the information for replicating the virus. True or False?

A

True

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11
Q

Ivanovsky and Beijerinck work on transmission of what virus?

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

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12
Q

More complex virions include the nucleocapsid and envelope. True or False?

A

True

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13
Q

What are the two main classification systems of virus?

A
  1. ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses)
  2. Baltimore classification system
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14
Q

Morphologic units composed of structural units embedded in the envelope

A

Peplomers

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15
Q

When was Middle East respiratory syndrome recognized?

A

2012

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16
Q

Retroviridae contains two whole-genomic negative-sense RNA’s. True or False?

A

False, positive sense

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17
Q

Complete infective virus particle; may be identical to the nucleocapsid.

A

Virion

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18
Q

When and who discovered Canine distemper virus?

A

1905, Carre

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19
Q

Give 2 single-stranded RNA viruses that has reverse transcriptase.

A
  1. Metaviridae
  2. Retroviridae
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20
Q

Give the hierarchy of ICTV classification system.

A
  1. Order (virales)
  2. Family (viridae)
  3. Sub-family (virinae)
  4. Genus (virus)
  5. Species
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21
Q

When and who discovered interferons?

A

1957, Isaacs and Lindemann

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22
Q

When did the sever acute respiratory syndrome outbreak occurs?

A

2002

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23
Q

The classes of Baltimore classification system is based on ?

A

Genome type and mode of replication and transcription

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24
Q

The major type of protein present on the exterior of the membrane of enveloped viruses/

A

Glycoproteins

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25
Q

When and who made the first electron microscopy pictures on TMV?

A

1938, Kausche, Ankuch, and Ruska

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26
Q

Give atleast 5 positive single-stranded RNA viruses.

A

Nidovirales:
1. Arteriviridae
2. Coronaviridae
3. Torovirinae
4. Astroviridae
5. Caliciviridae
6. Flaviviridae
7. Hepeviridae
8. Nodaviridae
9. Picornaviridae
10. Togaviridae

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27
Q

Between positive and negative sense RNA virus, which is of the same sense as mRNA and directly capable of protein translation?

A

Positive sense/polarity RNA virus

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28
Q

The means by which specific information encoded in a nucleic acid chain is transferred to mRNA

A

Transcription

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29
Q

In 1898, they applied the filtration to a disease in cattle that later would be known as foot and mouth disease.

A

Loeffler and Frosch

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30
Q

Functionally deficient particles in some aspect of replication and may interfere with the replication of normal viruses

A

Defective virus

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31
Q

Between DNA & RNA viruses, which has overall structure that is less complex?

A

DNA viruses

32
Q

When and who identifies the tobacco mosaic virus as filterable agent?

A

1892, Ivanofsky/Ivanovsky

33
Q

Between enveloped and non-envelope viruses, which is resistant to organic solvents?

A

Non-enveloped

34
Q

What are the 2 types of DNA viruses?

A
  1. Single-stranded
  2. Double-stranded
35
Q

When was tobacco mosaic virus discovered?

36
Q

Give the double-stranded DNA virus that has reverse transcriptase.

A

Hepadnaviridae

37
Q

When did WHO declares the eradication of smallpox?

38
Q

Required by certain defective closely related viruses to replicate

A

Helper virus

39
Q

The presence of this separates viruses into 2 distinct classes.

A

Presence of lipid envelope

40
Q

The mechanism by which a particular base sequence in messenger RNA produces a specific amino acid sequence in a protein

A

Translation

41
Q

When and who first isolate the avian influenza virus from wild bird reservoir?

A

1961, Becker

42
Q

When and who discovered Rinderpest virus?

A

1902, Nicolle and Adil-Bey

43
Q

When and who discovered Rabies virus?

A

1903, Remlinger and Riffat-Bay

44
Q

Choose between the three: 1. Parvoviruses; 2. Picornaviruses, 3. Herpesviridae and Paramyxoviridae

More complex with enveloppe; mature by budding through different host-cell membrane that are modified by the insertion of viral proteins.

A

Herpesviridae and Paramyxoviridae

45
Q

Presence of lipid envelope separates viruses into 2 distinct classes. What are these?

A
  1. Enveloped
  2. Non-enveloped
46
Q

When did WHO declares the global eradication of rinderpest?

47
Q

Outer coat some viruses acquire as they penetrate or are budded from the nuclear or cytoplasmic membrane

48
Q

In 1922, he described bacteriophages that parasitized bacterial cells causing them to swell and burst

A

D’Herelle

49
Q

Morphological units seen on the surface of icosahedral virus particles; represent clusters of structure unit

A

Capsomeres

50
Q

Give 4 double-stranded RNA viruses.

A
  1. Birnaviridae
  2. Picobirnaviridae

Reoviridae:
1. Sedoreovirinae
2. Spinareovirinae

51
Q

What are the 2 major distinctions of RNA viruses?

A
  1. Positive sense/polarity
  2. Negative sense/polarity
52
Q

Which was the year of development of molecular tools and computer software for “next generation sequencing” and metagenomic analyses?

53
Q

Process or reproduction of viruses resembles an ____ ____.

A

assembly line

54
Q

Some of the viruses are not obligate intracellular parasites. True or False?

A

False, all of the viruses.

55
Q

When and who discovered culture of isolated mammalian cells?

A

1948, Sanford, Earle, and Likely

56
Q

Give atleast 5 double-stranded DNA viruses.

A
  1. Adenoviridae
  2. Asfarviridae
  3. Alloherpesviridae
  4. Herpesviridae
  5. Iridoviridae
  6. Papillomaviridae
  7. Polyomaviridae
  8. Poxviridae
57
Q

Give 4 negative single-stranded RNA viruses.

A
  1. Arenaviridae
  2. Deltavirus
  3. Bunyaviridae
  4. Orthomyxoviridae
58
Q

Between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, which is inactivated by organic solvents?

59
Q

When and who discovered Newcastle disease virus?

A

1927, Doyle

60
Q

It was learned that some infective fluids retained their ability to produce diseases even after being forced through fine-pored clay filters that retained all ordinary bacteria. What do you think is the component of that infective fluids?

61
Q

Envelope may or may not contain altered host-cell membrane components. True or False?

A

False, it always contains.

62
Q

When was tobacco mosaic virus first viewed electron microscope?

63
Q

Give the 5 steps of replication of viruses.

A
  1. The virus attaches to a host cell.
  2. Enters the cell.
  3. Intact virus particle ceases to exist (uncoating).
  4. Viral genome directs the production of new viral macromolecules.
  5. Assembly and appearance of new progeny virus particles.
64
Q

Give 4 single-stranded RNA viruses that has both negative and positive sense.

A

Mononegavirales:
1. Filoviridae
2. Bornaviridae
3. Paramyxoviridae
4. Rhabdoviridae

65
Q

Viruses that cannot reproduce from their own nucleic acid and virions are non-infectious; require a helper virus for transmission and multiplication

A

Satellite virus

66
Q

Early bacteriologist believed that all contagious and infectious diseases were caused by _____.

67
Q

This is the simplest of viruses and its virion is composed of viral structural proteins and DNA.

A

Parvovirus

68
Q

Give some examples of members of certain bacterial genera that are also unable to replicate outside a host cell.

A
  • Ehrlichia
  • Anaplasma
  • Legionella
  • Rickettsia
69
Q

When was tobacco mosaic virus crystallized?

70
Q

How many classes are present in Baltimore classification system?

71
Q

What is the size range of animal RNA viral genome ranges?

A

<2 kb to >30kb

72
Q

Period of time between the penetration of the virus particle into the host cell and the production of new virus particle

A

Eclipse period

73
Q

Between positive and negative sense RNA virus, which contains a genomic nucleotide sequence complementary to mRNA and requires transcription of the genome to generate mRNA equivalents?

A

Negative sense/polarity RNA virus

74
Q

When and who discovered Rous sarcoma virus - tumor virus?

A

1911, Rous

75
Q

Protein shell that encloses the nucleic acid core

76
Q

Viruses that infect bacterial cells

A

Bacteriophages

77
Q

General term to describe situations where mixed infections results in enhanced yields of one or both viruses in the mixture

A

Complementation

VIROLOGY LECTURE (22 decks)

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