Paper1 Biomechanics: Linear Motion, Angular Motion, Fluid Mechanics and Projectile Motion Flashcards

1
Q

linear motion

A

results from a direct force applied to the centre of mass

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2
Q

distance

A

total length from start to finish measured in m

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3
Q

displacement

A

shortest straight line from start to finish measured in m

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4
Q

speed

A

rate of change of distance
distance/time taken
measured in m/s

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5
Q

velocity

A

rate of change of displacement
displacement/time taken
measured in m/s

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6
Q

acceleration/deceleration

A

rate of change in velocity
final velocity-initial velocity/time taken
measured in m/s/s

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7
Q

angular motion

A

results from an eccentric force outside of the CofM

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8
Q

3 axis of rotation

A

longitudinal
transverse
frontal

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9
Q

longitudinal axis of rotation

A

from the top to the bottom of the body e.g., trampolinist performs a twist turn

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10
Q

transverse axis of rotation

A

from side to side of the body e.g., a front sommersault

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11
Q

frontal axis of rotation

A

from the front to the back of the body e.g., a cartwheel

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12
Q

moment of inertia

A

resistance of a body to change its state of rotation
sum(mass x distribution of mass from the axis of rotation)
kgm2

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13
Q

angular velocity

A

rate of change of angular displacement or rate of rotation
angular displacement/time taken
radians/sec (rad/s)

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14
Q

angular momentum

A

quantity of angular motion possessed by a body
moment of inertia x angular velocity
kgm2/s

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15
Q

factors affecting size of moment of inertia

A

mass
distribution of mass

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16
Q

how mass affects MI

A

greater the mass the greater the MI

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17
Q

how distribution of mass affects MI

A

the further the mass from the axis of rotation the higher the MI

18
Q

MI effect on angular motion

A

as MI increases, resistance to rotation increases

19
Q

conservation of angular momentum

A

angular momentum remains constant until an external eccentric force is applied

20
Q

fluid mechanics

A

study of forces acting on a body through the air or in water

21
Q

factors affecting air resistance and drag

A

velocity
frontal cross-sectional area
streamlining and shape
surface characteristics

22
Q

how velocity affects air resistance/drag

A

the greater the velocity, the greater the air resistance/drag

23
Q

how frontal cross sectional area affect air resistance/drag

A

the larger the area the larger the air resistance/drag

24
Q

how streamlining and shape affects air resistance/drag

A

the more streamlined an object is the less air resistance/drag

25
how surface characteristics affect air resistance/drag
more smooth a surface is the less air resistance/drag
26
projectile motion
movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path
27
factors affecting the horizontal distance travelled by a projectile
speed of release angle of release height of release aerodynamic factors
28
how speed of release affects distance travelled
the greater the speed of release the further it will travel
29
how angle of release affects distance travelled
45 degrees is the optimal angle of release
30
how height of release affects distance traveled
if the release height is higher than the landing height optimal angle of release is <45 degrees if release height is lower then the landing height, optimal angle of release is >45 degrees
31
how aerodynamic factors affect distance travelled
bernouli and magnus
32
parabolic flight path
weight>air resistance produces parabolic projectile eg. shot put
33
non-parabolic flight path
if air resistance is the dominant force over weight the projectile follows a non-parabolic flight path e.g., a badminton shuttle
34
bernoulli principle
creation of an additional lift force on a projectile from the conclusion that the higher the velocity of air flow, the lower the surrounding pressure as velocity increases pressure decreases as fluids move from high to low pressure, a pressure gradient forms creating an additional lift force
35
aerofoil shape
curved upper surface forcing air flow to travel a further distance and at a higher velocity flat underneath - air travels a shorter distance at a lower velocity
36
downward lift force
brenoullis principle works in the opposite direction if the aerofoil shape is inverted this is important for formula 1
37
topspin
eccentric force applied above C of M projectile spins downwards
38
backspin
eccentric force applied below C of M projectile spins upwards
39
sidespin hook
eccentric force applied right of C of M projectile spins left
40
sidespin slice
eccentric force applied left of C of M
41
magnus force
created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body