Paper1 Anatomy: Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Describe a ligament
A
- tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue.
- connects bone to bone for stabilisation
2
Q
Describe synovial fluid
A
- lubricating liquid
- contained in joint cavity
- reduces friction
3
Q
Describe articular cartilage
A
- smooth tissue covering articulating bones
- absorbs shock
4
Q
What are the 3 planes of movement?
A
- sagittal plane
- frontal plane
- transverse plane
5
Q
Describe the sagittal plane
A
- divides body into left and right
6
Q
Describe the frontal plane
A
- divides the body into front and back
7
Q
Describe the transverse plane
A
- divides the body into upper and lower
8
Q
What movements occur along the sagittal plane?
A
- flexion
- extension
- dorsi-flexion
- plantarflexion
9
Q
What movements occur along the frontal plane?
A
- abduction
- adduction
10
Q
What movements occur along the transverse plane?
A
- horizontal extension
- horizontal flexion
- rotation
11
Q
What joint type is the shoulder?
A
- ball and socket
12
Q
What are the articulating bones surrounding the shoulder?
A
- humerus
- scapula
13
Q
What is the agonist for flexion at the shoulder?
A
- anterior deltoid
14
Q
What is the agonist for extension at the shoulder?
A
- prosterior deltoid
15
Q
What is the agonist for adduction at the shoulder?
A
- latissimus dorsi
16
Q
What is the agonist for abduction at the shoulder?
A
- medial deltoid
17
Q
What is the agonist for horizontal flexion at the shoulder?
A
- pectoralis major
18
Q
What is the agonist for horizontal extension?
A
- posterior deltoid
- teres minor
19
Q
What is the agonist for medial rotation at the shoulder?
A
- teres major
20
Q
What is the agonist for lateral rotation?
A
- teres major
21
Q
What type of joint is the elbow?
A
- hinge joint
22
Q
What are the articulating bones at the elbow?
A
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
23
Q
What is the agonist for flexion at the elbow?
A
- biceps brachii
24
Q
What is the agonist for extension at the elbow?
A
- triceps brachii
25
What type of joint is the wrist?
- condyloid
26
What are the articulating bones at the wrist?
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
27
What is the agonist during flexion at the wrist?
- wrist flexors
28
What is the agonist during extension at the wrist?
- wrist extensors
29
What type of joint is the hip?
- ball and socket
30
What are the articulating bones at the hip?
- pelvic girdle
- femur
31
What is the agonist during flexion at the hip?
- iliopsaus
32
What is the agonist during extension at the hip?
- gluteus maximus
33
What is the agonist during adduction at the hip?
- adductor brevis
- adductor longus
34
What is the agonist during abduction at the hip?
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
35
What is the agonist during medial rotation at the hip?
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
36
What is the agonist during lateral rotation at the hip?
- gluteus maximus
37
What type of joint is the knee?
- hinge
38
What are the articulating bones at the knee?
- femur
- tibia
39
What is the agonist during flexion at the knee?
- biceps femoris
40
What is the agonist during extension at the knee?
- rectus femoris
41
What type of joint is the ankle?
- hinge
42
What is the agonist during dorsi-flexion at the ankle?
- tibialis anterior
43
What is the agonist during plantar-flexion at the ankle?
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
44
What is an agonist muscle?
- a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as the prime mover.
45
What is an antagonist muscle?
- a muscle that opposes the agonist, providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement.
46
What is a fixator?
- a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another part moves.
47
What are the 2 types of isotonic contractions?
- concentric
- eccentric
48
What is concentric contraction?
- muscle shortens to produce tension
- upwards phase of a biceps curl
49
What is eccentric contraction?
- muscle lengthens to produce tension
- downward phase of a biceps curl
50
What is isometric contraction?
- muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created.
- holding a press up position
51
What is an action potential?
- positive electrical charge inside the nerves and muscle cells which conducts and nerve impulse down the motor neurone and into the muscle fibres.
52
What happens during skeletal muscle contraction?
- nerve impulse initiated in the motor neurone cell body.
- nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neurone by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft.
- neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap.
- If the electrical charge is above threshold, the muscle fibre will contract.
- all or none law
53
Describe the all or none law
- the stimulus needs to be above the threshold, otherwise all muscle fibres will either give a complete
54
Describe the structural characteristics of a slow oxidative muscle fibre
- high mitochondria
- high myoglobin
- small
55
Describe the structural characteristics of a fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibre
- large
- moderate mitochondria
- moderate myoglobin
56
Describe the structural characteristics of a fast glycolytic muscle fibre
- large
- low mitochondria
- low myoglobin
57
Describe the functional characteristics of a slow oxidative muscle fibre
- slow speed of contraction
- high aerobic capacity
- high fatigue resistance
- low anaerobic capacity
58
Describe the functional characteristics of a fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibre
- fast speed contraction
- moderate fatigue resistance
- moderate aerobic capacity
- moderate anaerobic capacity
59
Describe the functional characteristics of a fast glycolytic muscle fibre
- fast speed contraction
- low fatigue resistance
- low aerobic capacity
- high anaerobic capacity
60
Give sporting examples where slow oxidative muscle fibres would be use
- marathon
- triathlon
61
Give sporting examples where fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres would be used
- 800-1500m
- 200m freestyle
62
Describe the functional characteristics of a fast glycolytic muscle fibres would be used
- javelin
- long jump
63
What is Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness DOMS?
- pain and stiffness felt in the muscles
- peaks 24-72 hours after exercise
