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Physical Education > Paper1 Anatomy: Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

Paper1 Anatomy: Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a ligament

A
  • tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue.
  • connects bone to bone for stabilisation
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2
Q

Describe synovial fluid

A
  • lubricating liquid
  • contained in joint cavity
  • reduces friction
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3
Q

Describe articular cartilage

A
  • smooth tissue covering articulating bones
  • absorbs shock
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4
Q

What are the 3 planes of movement?

A
  • sagittal plane
  • frontal plane
  • transverse plane
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5
Q

Describe the sagittal plane

A
  • divides body into left and right
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6
Q

Describe the frontal plane

A
  • divides the body into front and back
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7
Q

Describe the transverse plane

A
  • divides the body into upper and lower
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8
Q

What movements occur along the sagittal plane?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • dorsi-flexion
  • plantarflexion
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9
Q

What movements occur along the frontal plane?

A
  • abduction
  • adduction
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10
Q

What movements occur along the transverse plane?

A
  • horizontal extension
  • horizontal flexion
  • rotation
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11
Q

What joint type is the shoulder?

A
  • ball and socket
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12
Q

What are the articulating bones surrounding the shoulder?

A
  • humerus
  • scapula
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13
Q

What is the agonist for flexion at the shoulder?

A
  • anterior deltoid
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14
Q

What is the agonist for extension at the shoulder?

A
  • prosterior deltoid
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15
Q

What is the agonist for adduction at the shoulder?

A
  • latissimus dorsi
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16
Q

What is the agonist for abduction at the shoulder?

A
  • medial deltoid
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17
Q

What is the agonist for horizontal flexion at the shoulder?

A
  • pectoralis major
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18
Q

What is the agonist for horizontal extension?

A
  • posterior deltoid
  • teres minor
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19
Q

What is the agonist for medial rotation at the shoulder?

A
  • teres major
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20
Q

What is the agonist for lateral rotation?

A
  • teres major
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21
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A
  • hinge joint
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22
Q

What are the articulating bones at the elbow?

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
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23
Q

What is the agonist for flexion at the elbow?

A
  • biceps brachii
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24
Q

What is the agonist for extension at the elbow?

A
  • triceps brachii
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25
Q

What type of joint is the wrist?

A
  • condyloid
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26
Q

What are the articulating bones at the wrist?

A
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpals
27
Q

What is the agonist during flexion at the wrist?

A
  • wrist flexors
28
Q

What is the agonist during extension at the wrist?

A
  • wrist extensors
29
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A
  • ball and socket
30
Q

What are the articulating bones at the hip?

A
  • pelvic girdle
  • femur
31
Q

What is the agonist during flexion at the hip?

A
  • iliopsaus
32
Q

What is the agonist during extension at the hip?

A
  • gluteus maximus
33
Q

What is the agonist during adduction at the hip?

A
  • adductor brevis
  • adductor longus
34
Q

What is the agonist during abduction at the hip?

A
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
35
Q

What is the agonist during medial rotation at the hip?

A
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
36
Q

What is the agonist during lateral rotation at the hip?

A
  • gluteus maximus
37
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A
  • hinge
38
Q

What are the articulating bones at the knee?

A
  • femur
  • tibia
39
Q

What is the agonist during flexion at the knee?

A
  • biceps femoris
40
Q

What is the agonist during extension at the knee?

A
  • rectus femoris
41
Q

What type of joint is the ankle?

A
  • hinge
42
Q

What is the agonist during dorsi-flexion at the ankle?

A
  • tibialis anterior
43
Q

What is the agonist during plantar-flexion at the ankle?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
44
Q

What is an agonist muscle?

A
  • a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as the prime mover.
45
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A
  • a muscle that opposes the agonist, providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement.
46
Q

What is a fixator?

A
  • a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another part moves.
47
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic contractions?

A
  • concentric
  • eccentric
48
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A
  • muscle shortens to produce tension
  • upwards phase of a biceps curl
49
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A
  • muscle lengthens to produce tension
  • downward phase of a biceps curl
50
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A
  • muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created.
  • holding a press up position
51
Q

What is an action potential?

A
  • positive electrical charge inside the nerves and muscle cells which conducts and nerve impulse down the motor neurone and into the muscle fibres.
52
Q

What happens during skeletal muscle contraction?

A
  • nerve impulse initiated in the motor neurone cell body.
  • nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neurone by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft.
  • neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap.
  • If the electrical charge is above threshold, the muscle fibre will contract.
  • all or none law
53
Q

Describe the all or none law

A
  • the stimulus needs to be above the threshold, otherwise all muscle fibres will either give a complete
54
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of a slow oxidative muscle fibre

A
  • high mitochondria
  • high myoglobin
  • small
55
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of a fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibre

A
  • large
  • moderate mitochondria
  • moderate myoglobin
56
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of a fast glycolytic muscle fibre

A
  • large
  • low mitochondria
  • low myoglobin
57
Q

Describe the functional characteristics of a slow oxidative muscle fibre

A
  • slow speed of contraction
  • high aerobic capacity
  • high fatigue resistance
  • low anaerobic capacity
58
Q

Describe the functional characteristics of a fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibre

A
  • fast speed contraction
  • moderate fatigue resistance
  • moderate aerobic capacity
  • moderate anaerobic capacity
59
Q

Describe the functional characteristics of a fast glycolytic muscle fibre

A
  • fast speed contraction
  • low fatigue resistance
  • low aerobic capacity
  • high anaerobic capacity
60
Q

Give sporting examples where slow oxidative muscle fibres would be use

A
  • marathon
  • triathlon
61
Q

Give sporting examples where fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres would be used

A
  • 800-1500m
  • 200m freestyle
62
Q

Describe the functional characteristics of a fast glycolytic muscle fibres would be used

A
  • javelin
  • long jump
63
Q

What is Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness DOMS?

A
  • pain and stiffness felt in the muscles
  • peaks 24-72 hours after exercise

Physical Education (19 decks)

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