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Physical Education > Paper1 Anatomy: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Paper1 Anatomy: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the order of the conduction system

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Bundle of His
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibres
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2
Q

What happens at the SA node?

A
  • generates electrical impulses
  • causes atria walls to contract
  • determines herat rate
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3
Q

What happens at the AV node?

A
  • collects the impulse
  • delays by 0.1 to allow atria to finish contracting
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4
Q

What happens at the Bundle of His?

A
  • located in the septum
  • splits the impulse in two[
  • distributes impulse into the ventricles
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5
Q

What happens at the bundle branches?

A
  • carries the impulse to the base of each ventricle
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6
Q

What happens in the purkinje fibres?

A
  • distribute impulse through the ventricle walls.
  • causing them to contract
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7
Q

Define heart rate

A
  • number of times the heart beats per minute
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8
Q

Define stroke volume

A
  • amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
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9
Q

Define cardiac output

A
  • amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
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10
Q

What is the typical resting value for heart rate?

A
  • 72bpm
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11
Q

What is the typical resting value for stroke volume?

A
  • 70ml
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12
Q

What is the typical resting value for cardiac output?

A
  • 5l/min
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13
Q

What is the the typical resting value for a trained athletes’s heart rate?

A
  • 50bpm
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14
Q

What is the the typical resting value for a trained athletes’s stroke volume?

A
  • 100ml
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15
Q

What is the the typical resting value for a trained athletes’s cardiac output?

A
  • 5l/min
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16
Q

What happens to stroke volume during exercise?

A
  • increases in proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau is reached at 40-60% of working capacity.
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17
Q

How does stroke volume increase during exercise?

A
  • venous return
  • Frank- Starling mechanism
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18
Q

Why does stroke volume begin to plateau during exercise?

A
  • increased heart rate does not allow enough time for the ventricles to fill completely.
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19
Q

What is venous return?

A
  • the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins.
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20
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism?

A
  • increased venous return leads to increased stroke volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricular walls and contraction.
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21
Q

What regulates heart rate during exercise?

A
  • cardiac control centre
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22
Q

Describe the cardiac control centre?

A
  • controlled by the autonomic nervous system
  • determines firing of the SA node
  • located in the medulla oblongata
  • responsible for regulating the heart via motor nerves, sympathetic and parasympathetic.
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23
Q

What is the Sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • increases heart rate via accelerator nerve.
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24
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • decreases heart rate via the vagus nerve.
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25
Q

What are three factors of neural control?

A
  • proprioreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
26
Q

What are the two factors of intrinsic control?

A
  • temperature
  • venous return
27
Q

What is a factor of hormonal control?

A
  • adrenaline and noradrenaline
28
Q

Describe arteries and arterioles

A
  • carry oxygenated blood
  • contain blood under high pressure
  • have smooth muscle
  • have elastic tissue
  • can vasodilate and vasoconstrict
  • have pre-capillary sphincters
29
Q

Describe capillaries

A
  • walls are one cell thick
  • where gas exchange takes place
30
Q

Describe veins

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood
  • can venodilate and venoconstrict
  • contain blood under low pressure
  • one-way pocket valves
31
Q

Name five venous return mechanisms

A
  • pocket valves
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
  • muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
32
Q

Describe pocket valves as a venous return mechanism

A
  • located in veins
  • prevent the backflow of blood
33
Q

Describe the smooth muscle as a venous return mechanism

A
  • helps push blood back towards the heart
34
Q

Describe gravity as a venous return mechanism

A
  • blood above the part, is aided by gravity.
35
Q

Describe the muscle pump as a venous return mechanism

A
  • muscles squeeze on veins to help push blood back to the heart.
36
Q

Describe the respiratory pump as a venous return mechanism

A
  • helps return blood into the thoracic cavity and abdomen back to the heart.
37
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism?

A
  • the redistribution of the cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise
  • increases percentage of blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
38
Q

Describe the vascular shunt mechanism during rest

A
  • arterioles vasodilate to organs
  • arterioles vasoconstrict to muscles
  • pre-capillary sphincters vasodilate capillary beds to organ cells
  • pre capillary sphicters vasoconstrict capillary beds to muscle cells.
39
Q

Describe the vascular shunt mechanism during exercise

A
  • arterioles vasoconstrict to organs
  • arterioles vasodilate to muscles
  • pre-capillary sphincters vasoconstrict capillary beds to organ cells
  • pre-capillary sphincters vasodilate capillary beds to muscle cells
40
Q

What is responsible for the cardiac output distribution?

A
  • Vasomotor control centre
41
Q

What is the vasomotor tone?

A
  • the partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls.
42
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A
  • 97% in haemoglobin
  • 3% in blood plasma
43
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A
  • 70% dissolved in water carried as carbonic acid
  • 23% in haemoglobin
  • 7% dissolved in blood plasma
44
Q

Define breathing rate

A
  • number of inspirations or expirations per minute
45
Q

Define tidal volume

A
  • the volume of air inspired or expired per breath
46
Q

Define minute ventilation

A
  • volume of air inspired or expired per minute
47
Q

Explain the mechanics of breathing during inspiration at rest

A
  • external intercostal contract
  • ribs move up and out
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • volume in thoracic cavity increases
  • pressure decreases
  • active process
48
Q

Explain the mechanisms of breathing during inspiration whilst exercising

A
  • external muscle contract more
  • ribs move up and out more
  • sternocleidomastoid lifts the sternum
  • scalene and pectoralis minor contract
  • volume in thoracic cavity increases more
  • pressure decreases more
  • active process
49
Q

Explain the mechanisms of breathing during expiration at rest

A
  • external intercostal muscles relax
  • ribs move down and in
  • diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
  • volume in thoracic cavity decreases
  • pressure increases
  • passive process
50
Q

Explain the mechanisms of breathing during expiration whilst exercising

A
  • external intercostals contract more
  • internal intercostals contract more
  • rectus abdominus contracts more
  • ribs move down and in more
  • diaphragm becomes more dome shaped
  • decreases volume in thoracic cavity more
  • active process
  • increases pressure more
51
Q

What is external respiration during gaseous exchange?

A
  • exchange of gases at the lungs between the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries and the highly concentrated oxygen in the alveoli.
52
Q

What is internal respiration during gaseous exchange?

A
  • exchange of gases at the muscle cells between the oxygenated blood that is in the capillaries and the carbon dioxide in muscle cells.
53
Q

What is the oxygen dissociation curve?

A
  • shows us the amount of haemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen.
  • oxygen unloading from haemoglobin is dissociation
54
Q

What is the Bohr Shift?

A
  • a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream
55
Q

What effects does the Bohr shift have?

A
  • increase in blood pressure
  • increase in carbon dioxide concentration
  • increase is lactic acid production
56
Q

describe what happens to stroke volume during sub max exercise

A
  • increases in proportion to exercise intensity
  • plateaus at 40-60% working capacity
57
Q

what is neural control

A

proprioreceptors
chemoreceptors
baroreceptors

58
Q

what is intrinsic control

A

temperature - blood viscosity
venous return - stretch in ventricle walls

59
Q

what does an increase in venous return do?

A
  • increases the volume of blood returning to the heart
  • increased stretch of atrial and ventricular walls
  • increases HR, SV, CO
60
Q

what does an increase in temperature do?

A
  • increase blood viscosity
  • increase firing of sa node

Physical Education (19 decks)

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