Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physical Education > Paper1 Anatomy: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Paper1 Anatomy: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the order of the conduction system

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Bundle of His
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens at the SA node?

A
  • generates electrical impulses
  • causes atria walls to contract
  • determines herat rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens at the AV node?

A
  • collects the impulse
  • delays by 0.1 to allow atria to finish contracting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens at the Bundle of His?

A
  • located in the septum
  • splits the impulse in two[
  • distributes impulse into the ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens at the bundle branches?

A
  • carries the impulse to the base of each ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in the purkinje fibres?

A
  • distribute impulse through the ventricle walls.
  • causing them to contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define heart rate

A
  • number of times the heart beats per minute
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define stroke volume

A
  • amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define cardiac output

A
  • amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the typical resting value for heart rate?

A
  • 72bpm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the typical resting value for stroke volume?

A
  • 70ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the typical resting value for cardiac output?

A
  • 5l/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the the typical resting value for a trained athletes’s heart rate?

A
  • 50bpm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the the typical resting value for a trained athletes’s stroke volume?

A
  • 100ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the the typical resting value for a trained athletes’s cardiac output?

A
  • 5l/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to stroke volume during exercise?

A
  • increases in proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau is reached at 40-60% of working capacity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does stroke volume increase during exercise?

A
  • venous return
  • Frank- Starling mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why does stroke volume begin to plateau during exercise?

A
  • increased heart rate does not allow enough time for the ventricles to fill completely.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is venous return?

A
  • the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism?

A
  • increased venous return leads to increased stroke volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricular walls and contraction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What regulates heart rate during exercise?

A
  • cardiac control centre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the cardiac control centre?

A
  • controlled by the autonomic nervous system
  • determines firing of the SA node
  • located in the medulla oblongata
  • responsible for regulating the heart via motor nerves, sympathetic and parasympathetic.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • increases heart rate via accelerator nerve.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • decreases heart rate via the vagus nerve.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are three factors of neural control?
- proprioreceptors - chemoreceptors - baroreceptors
26
What are the two factors of intrinsic control?
- temperature - venous return
27
What is a factor of hormonal control?
- adrenaline and noradrenaline
28
Describe arteries and arterioles
- carry oxygenated blood - contain blood under high pressure - have smooth muscle - have elastic tissue - can vasodilate and vasoconstrict - have pre-capillary sphincters
29
Describe capillaries
- walls are one cell thick - where gas exchange takes place
30
Describe veins
- carry deoxygenated blood - can venodilate and venoconstrict - contain blood under low pressure - one-way pocket valves
31
Name five venous return mechanisms
- pocket valves - smooth muscle - gravity - muscle pump - respiratory pump
32
Describe pocket valves as a venous return mechanism
- located in veins - prevent the backflow of blood
33
Describe the smooth muscle as a venous return mechanism
- helps push blood back towards the heart
34
Describe gravity as a venous return mechanism
- blood above the part, is aided by gravity.
35
Describe the muscle pump as a venous return mechanism
- muscles squeeze on veins to help push blood back to the heart.
36
Describe the respiratory pump as a venous return mechanism
- helps return blood into the thoracic cavity and abdomen back to the heart.
37
What is the vascular shunt mechanism?
- the redistribution of the cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise - increases percentage of blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
38
Describe the vascular shunt mechanism during rest
- arterioles vasodilate to organs - arterioles vasoconstrict to muscles - pre-capillary sphincters vasodilate capillary beds to organ cells - pre capillary sphicters vasoconstrict capillary beds to muscle cells.
39
Describe the vascular shunt mechanism during exercise
- arterioles vasoconstrict to organs - arterioles vasodilate to muscles - pre-capillary sphincters vasoconstrict capillary beds to organ cells - pre-capillary sphincters vasodilate capillary beds to muscle cells
40
What is responsible for the cardiac output distribution?
- Vasomotor control centre
41
What is the vasomotor tone?
- the partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls.
42
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
- 97% in haemoglobin - 3% in blood plasma
43
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
- 70% dissolved in water carried as carbonic acid - 23% in haemoglobin - 7% dissolved in blood plasma
44
Define breathing rate
- number of inspirations or expirations per minute
45
Define tidal volume
- the volume of air inspired or expired per breath
46
Define minute ventilation
- volume of air inspired or expired per minute
47
Explain the mechanics of breathing during inspiration at rest
- external intercostal contract - ribs move up and out - diaphragm contracts and flattens - volume in thoracic cavity increases - pressure decreases - active process
48
Explain the mechanisms of breathing during inspiration whilst exercising
- external muscle contract more - ribs move up and out more - sternocleidomastoid lifts the sternum - scalene and pectoralis minor contract - volume in thoracic cavity increases more - pressure decreases more - active process
49
Explain the mechanisms of breathing during expiration at rest
- external intercostal muscles relax - ribs move down and in - diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped - volume in thoracic cavity decreases - pressure increases - passive process
50
Explain the mechanisms of breathing during expiration whilst exercising
- external intercostals contract more - internal intercostals contract more - rectus abdominus contracts more - ribs move down and in more - diaphragm becomes more dome shaped - decreases volume in thoracic cavity more - active process - increases pressure more
51
What is external respiration during gaseous exchange?
- exchange of gases at the lungs between the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries and the highly concentrated oxygen in the alveoli.
52
What is internal respiration during gaseous exchange?
- exchange of gases at the muscle cells between the oxygenated blood that is in the capillaries and the carbon dioxide in muscle cells.
53
What is the oxygen dissociation curve?
- shows us the amount of haemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen. - oxygen unloading from haemoglobin is dissociation
54
What is the Bohr Shift?
- a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream
55
What effects does the Bohr shift have?
- increase in blood pressure - increase in carbon dioxide concentration - increase is lactic acid production
56
describe what happens to stroke volume during sub max exercise
- increases in proportion to exercise intensity - plateaus at 40-60% working capacity
57
what is neural control
proprioreceptors chemoreceptors baroreceptors
58
what is intrinsic control
temperature - blood viscosity venous return - stretch in ventricle walls
59
what does an increase in venous return do?
- increases the volume of blood returning to the heart - increased stretch of atrial and ventricular walls - increases HR, SV, CO
60
what does an increase in temperature do?
- increase blood viscosity - increase firing of sa node

Physical Education (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions