Paper 1 Review Flashcards
principles of the SCLOA
- human beings are social animals and we have a basic need to belong
- culture influences behavior
- humans are social animals and so have a social identity
- people’s views of the world are resistant to change
social identity theory
this is based on the assumption that individuals strive to improve their self image by trying to enhance their self esteem based on their personal identity and social identity - by connecting with groups that meet two conflicting needs: inclusiveness and individuality
conformity
a change of behavior towards someone or something because of pressure
cultural dimensions
an aspect of culture that can be measured relative to other culture and they explain the differences in behavior as a consequence of culture
social identity theory for principle 3
people have groups that they are a part of and it is a large part of their social identity
stereotyping
the cognitive process of categorizing people into groups based on visual cues such as gender, nationality, race, religion and body appearance
principle 1
human beings are social animals and we have a basic need to belong
stereotyping for principle 4
stereotypes are very resistant to change because of confirmation bias
confirmation bias
people look for and remember information to back up their stereotypes and disregard information that doesn’t support their stereotype
Asch experiment date
Asch, 1955
Asch experiment aim
to determine the effect of group pressure in a situation involving line judgements
principle 2
culture influences behavior
Asch experiment method
the subject was placed in a room with 5 other people, all male, who appeared to be participants. A picture of a line was shown, and then 3 lines. The participants were asked to state which line was closest to the first in length. the confederates occasionally gave the wrong answer
Asch experiment findings
about 75% of the participants agreed with the wrong answer at least once. When asked later, they stated that they knew it was the wrong answer, but that they did not want to be against the group or ruin the results of the experiment
Robber’s Cave study date
Muzafer and Sherif, 1954
principle 3
humans are social animals and so have a social identity
Robber’s Cave study aim
to determine if kids randomly brought together and given a common goal will create a hierarchical structure, and to determine if two in-groups that are made to compete against each other will become hostile to each other
Robber’s Cave study method
two groups of 12 year old boys were brought separately to summer camps and given tasks to accomplish. Then the groups were pitted against each other.
Robber’s Cave study findings
each group developed a social hierarchy and even created a name for their group and, once pitted against each other, they were hostile to the other group
What is the SCLOA?
it is the study of how culture and society can affect behavior
research methods at the SCLOA
experiments, case studies, interviews, correlational studies, observational studies and surveys
triangulation
when researchers incorporate two or more types of research methods to investigate the same aspect
principle 4
people’s views of the world are resistant to change
experiments
are used to determine cause and effect relations, usually more qualitative with SCLOA because it is mainly observations of behavior
Asch experiment evaluation
ecological validity low because the experiment is lab based and highly controlled
observational studies
used to observe the participants in their natural environment
covert observation
a type of observational study where the participants do not know that they are being observed
covert observational evaluation
strengths are that researchers can observe where outsiders are not usually allowed but weaknesses are that it is difficult to take notes or get the full story
Cult Infiltration study date
Festinger, 1956
Cult Infiltration study
in Chicago there was a cult that believed the world would end on Dec. 21 and that as long as they followed the correct rituals and stayed away from non-believers, they would be rescued by flying saucers. Festinger and his team became cult members in order to study them
Stanford Prison experiment date
Zimbardo, 1971
Stanford Prison experiment
university students were selected to create a simulation of prison in the basement of Stanford. They were randomly assigned to be 11 guards and 10 prisoners
Stanford Prison experiment ethical concerns
emotional harm: prisoners were treated badly by the guards
informed consent: not all of the information about the experiment was presented at the beginning
right to withdraw: the participants didn’t feel like they could leave, especially because of Zimbardo asking them to stay
Milgrim’s Shock experiment date
Milgrim, 1963
Milgrim’s Shock experiment
participants, as teachers, were instructed to shock a learner if they could not identify the correct pairs of words. If the teacher stopped, they were prodded on by an authority figure in a lab coat
Milgrim’s Shock experiment ethical concerns
deception: the participants were deceived about the aim of the study and about the learner
stress: they experienced stress from shocking the learner and when they realized what the experiment was actually about
right to withdraw: the participants were prodded continually by the authority figure
attribution theories
look at how people explain and interpret casual relationships in the social world
Heider’s attribution theory
- people look for causes and reason or other’s behavior because they feel their are motives behind behavior
- people construct their own theories on why people act the way they do
- people do this because they want to understand, control and predict their environment
dispositional attribution
personal or internal reasons for behavior
situational attribution
external or environmental reasons for behavior
discounting principle of attributions
we discount other possible causes when we believe one is most likely and we are more likely to give one factor all the credit when several factors may be at play
actor/observer effect
people attribute their own behavior to situational factors and attribute others’ behavior to dispositional factors
Azande study date
Heider, 1944
Azande study
a granary doorway collapsed and killed several people. the Azande believed it was witchcraft when really it was termites. They continued to believe it was witchcraft after learning about the termites
Football Study date
Lau and Russel, 1980
Football study
American football coaches and players tend to credit wins to dispositional factors (physically fit, hard work, talent) and losses to situational factors (weather, injuries, bad refs)
self-serving bias
when people attribute success to dispositional factors and failures to situational factors (this is culturally related error)
reasons for self-serving bias
- protect self esteem
2. we expect to succeed at tasks so we attribute it to skill to give us more control
Kashima and Triandis study date
1986
Kashima and Triandis study
when participants were asked to remember details of pictures of unfamiliar countries, Americans attributed success to ability and Japanese attributed failure to ability
modesty bias
the attribution of failures to ability, common in collective cultures
Formation of stereotypes
personal experience: the less contact one has with a group, the more likely they are to form stereotypes about that group
gatekeepers: the media, parents and other people we are in contact, especially from our in-groups
grain of truth hypothesis
one experience leads to a conclusions being generalized to a group
illusory experience
a false relationship is perceived between two variables
false propoganda
people with political motives often distort information
stereotype threat
occurs when one is in a situation where there is a threat of being judged or treated stereotypically, or a fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype
Stereotype threat study date
Steele and Aronson, 1995
stereotype threat study aim
to see the effect of stereotype threat on performance
stereotype threat study method
African American and European American participants were given a verbal test but one group of mixed races was told it was an academic test (pressure) while the other was told it was a lab experiment
stereotype threat study findings
African Americans in first group scored lower than European Americans. Scores were the same in the second group
Student Athlete study date
Dee, 2010
student athlete study aim
to determine if stereotype threat would influence student athletes test performance
student athlete study method
mixed group of athletes and non were spit into two groups. one group given a questionnaire about involvement in sports while other wasn’t. both groups took a test
student athlete study findings
student athletes in group 1 scored 11% lower than athletes in group 2
compliance
a direct attempt to influence someone or get someone to behave a certain way
reciprocity
people feel that if someone does something for them, they must do something for that person
door in the face technique
people make a request that is turned down and then make a second, easier request. the person usually accepts because the other person has already compromised
Youth Counseling study date
Cialdini, 1975
youth counseling study method
college students were asked to chaperone a day trip to the zoo. a different group was asked to mentor youths for 2 years, and when they said no, asked to chaperone a trip to the zoo
youth counseling study findings
group 1: 83% said no to the zoo trip but in group 2: 50% said yes
commitment
once a person has agreed to do something, they are likely to agree to do similar things because people like to behave consistently
Low-balling study date
Cialdini, 1974
Low-balling study method
college students were asked to participant in a study at 7 am and another group was asked to participant in a study and once they had signed up, were told it was at 7 am and given permission to back out
low-balling study findings
first group, only 24% of students showed up and in group 2 95% of the students showed
conformity
a change in behavior towards a group or social norm because of pressure from a group rather than a direct request
Asch Experiment strengths
results have been duplicated; explains why people conform; high degree of control
Asch Experiment weaknesses
low ecological validity because of the lab; no discussion among people allowed; all participants were 1950s males–conformity changes over time; does not explain minority influences
Crutchfield’s Experiment date
1955
Crutchfield experiment
like Asch, only people were allowed to express their opinions privately and conformity was found to be lower
group norms
rules on how people should act–they are passed down through individuals in the group
social learning theory
the passing along of social norms through observational learning
direct models
model is intending that someone be influence by their behavior
four factors that must be present for social learning theory
attention: observer must pay attention to model
retention: observer must be able to remember the behavior
motor reproduction: observer must be able to replicate the action
motivation: observer must want to demonstrate what they have learned
four factors that influence motivation
if model behaves consistently; if observer can identify with the model (same gender/age); if model receives an award for their behavior; if the observer likes the model
Bobo the Doll study date
Bandura, 1961
Bobo the Doll study aim
to see if children would imitate aggression modeled by an adult and if they were more likely to imitate same sex models
Bobo the Doll study methods
children age 3-6 were shown models that showed aggression toward an inflatable Bobo doll. in some groups the kids were shown same sex models and some were shown opposite sex models. then the children were placed in a room with a Bobo doll
Bobo the Doll study findings
children who observed the aggressive adults were more physically and verbally aggressive. girls were more likely to imitate verbal aggression and boys physical aggression. When boys saw women beating the doll, they commented, “ladies shouldn’t do that”
TV Violence Study date
Huesmann and Eron, 1986
TV Violence study
children were monitored over a 15 year period. a correlation was found between the numbers of violent TV and the level of aggression demonstrated when kids were teens and criminal acts as adults
Sabido method
method for producing radio and TV dramas that aim to change people’s behavior in a positive way
social learning theory strengths
explains why behaviors may be passed down in a family; explains why some kids acquire skills without trial and error
social learning theory weaknesses
doesn’t explain how some behaviors are acquired but never demonstrated; long gaps between when a behavior is observed and when it is demonstrated make it hard to establish the behavior as a result of the observation
group unanimity
if even one person doesn’t agree the subject is less likely to conform
group size
large groups do not decrease conformity unless they are very large
self-esteem
subjects with high self esteem conform less
confidence
when individuals feel they are competent they are less likely to conform
cultural norms
people in collectivist societies are more likely to conform
Minority Influence Experiment date
Moscovici and Lage, 1976
Minority Influence Study
Four participants and two confederates, minority of confederates describe blue-green slide as green and 32% of participants made at least one incorrect judgement and continued to once confederates left
Minority Influence Study conformity factors
group unanimity
Asch Experiment conformity factors
group unanimity; group size
culture definition date
Matsumoto, 2004
culture definition
a dynamic system of rules (explicit and implicit) established by groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms and behaviors
problems with defining culture
- numerous accepted definitions
- culture is complex
- culture changes
- there are political aspects to definition
- definitions reflect out assumptions, orientations and interests
surface culture
what can be seen: food, eating habits, clothing, rituals, religion
deep culture
culture cannot be seen, only manifestations of culture
cultural norms
behavior patterns that are typical of certain groups and passed down through the generations by observational learning
Cultural Dimensions Study date
Wei, 2000
Cultural Dimensions Study aim
to see how individualism v. collectivism influences conflict resolution communication styles
Cultural Dimensions Study method
600 company managers in Singapore were randomly surveyed on conflict resolution style. participants were Japanese, Chinese and American
Cultural Dimensions Study findings
higher the score on individualism, more likely to use a dominating conflict resolution style. American managers were more dominant unless they had lived in Singapore for several years. Asian managers were not always avoidant
cultural dimensions
an aspect of culture that can be measured relative to other cultures
individualistic
individual first; loose ties with people; competition is a way to achieve goals; direct communication
collectivist
group first; life-long in-groups; indirect communication
cultural factors on individualism and collectivism
complexity: industrialization equals individualistic
affluence: promotes social independence and individuality
heterogeneity: same religion, language means more likely to be collectivist
history: confucian countries more collectivist
long-term oriented societies
value persistence, perseverance, loyalty, trust, tradition, saving money: Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong
short-term oriented societies
value immediate stability, appearances in moment, innovation, quick results: Finland, France, U.S.
Time Orientation Study date
Basset, 2004
Time Orientation study aim
to compare differences between Australian and Chinese on conflict resolution techniques that were short term or long term
Time Orientation Study method
college students were given a hypothetical situation and asked to propose how this conflict might be resolved
Time Orientation study findings
Chinese concerned about saving face and maintaining personal relationships. Australians relied on politics and procedures: saving face was not important
ecological fallacy
when comparing cultures it cannot be assumed that they are different or that one culture can be fully applied to one person
etic approach
looks at universal rules for behavior across cultures and attempts to be culturally neutral
emic approach
looks at behaviors that are culturally specific
Self-serving bias study culture
shows how emic approaches are required for many aspects of culture because self serving bias is different in different cultures
Depression study date
Tabassum, 2000
Depression Study
Pakistani women in the UK were interviewed about depression using etic concepts and phrases from western psychologists–depression is explained differently in difference cultures
Football Apparel Study date
Cialdini, 1976
Football Apparel Study
college football supporters are more likely to wear college clothing after a win than a defeat
black sheep effect
unlikable members of one’s own group are evaluated more negatively than unlikable members of out-groups
ethnocentrism
the tendency to measure the appropriateness of behavior in terms of one’s own cultural standards and to derogate the behavior of other groups precisely because they are not of the in-group
social identity theory steps
- identifying with a group: meet goals, positive stereotypes
- social comparison: exaggerate similarities of in-group and differences of out-group
- positive self-esteem: comes from being a member of a group–basic motivating factor for humans
