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Abnormal Unit: Terms Flashcards

1
Q

etiologies

A

apparent causation and factors of the disorder

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2
Q

anxiety disorders

A

marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety; irrational fears

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3
Q

OCD

A

marked by consistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals
more women

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4
Q

obsession

A

repeated thoughts intrude on consciousness in a distressing way

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5
Q

compulsions

A

actions one feels forced to carry out

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6
Q

OCD: biological

A

head injuries, low serotonin levels or receptors

never straight biological

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7
Q

OCD: cognitive

A
  • learned behaviors reinforced by fear reduction
  • excessive attention to perceived threats
  • stress exacerbates problems
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8
Q

OCD: social

A
  • obsessions are repugnant and kept secret

- religion can play into OCD: cleanliness

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9
Q

diathesis stress model

A

stress precipitates psychological issues

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10
Q

affective disorders

A

Characterized by dysfunctional moods

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11
Q

Depression

A

more common in women, affecting 15% of people at one point

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12
Q

Depression: biological

A

genetic predisposition, catecholamine hypothesis, cortisol hypothesis, long term depression can result in structural brain changes

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13
Q

catecholamine hypothesis

A

associated with low levels of adrenaline

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14
Q

cortisol hypothesis

A

cortisol, a major stress hormone, can predispose an individual to depression

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15
Q

Depression: cognitive

A

Ellis, Beck, dichotomous thinking

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16
Q

Ellis

A

depression comes from irrational and illogical thinking

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17
Q

Beck

A

depression comes from distortions and biases in information processing

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18
Q

dichotomous thinking

A

black and white thinking

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19
Q

Depression: social

A

diathesis stress model, individualistic cultures (affective symptoms), collectivist cultures (somatic symptoms)

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20
Q

unipolar

A

depression or mania

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21
Q

Bipolar

A

depression and mania, 2.6% of Americans, cycling varies

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22
Q

bipolar: biological

A

first degree relatives have 10-25% chance of having an effective disorder, diathesis stress model, smaller frontal lobes, decreased brain activity in areas that regulate emotion

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23
Q

bipolar: cognitive

A

Ellis, learned helplessness/hopelessness

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24
Q

bipolar: social

A

life stress leads to negative thinking, inadequate social skills to gain positive reinforcement, depression rates in Africa increased with westernization

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25
Rorschach Inkblot
projective test, based on idea of normalcy, no objective grading
26
projective test
ambiguous stimuli to talk about
27
Thematic Apperception Test
projective, tell a story about pictures, measures patterns of thought, used as a tool
28
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
500+ true or false questions, looking for clusters/patterns, mini scales indicate if client distorted answers
29
interviews
predetermined questions on disorders
30
medical scans
to observe brain abnormalities
31
eclectic approach
using principles from different therapies, recognizes strengths and weaknesses, less chance of relapse, combo shows most improvement
32
biomedical treatment
based on brain chemistry: drugs and dosage, side effects
33
psychopharmocolgy
use of drugs to relieve symptoms
34
antipsychotics
treats hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior
35
typical neuroleptics
treat positive psychotic symptoms; block dopamine transmitters
36
atypical neuroleptics
treat negative psychotic symptoms; block dopamine receptors
37
anti-anxiety drugs
short term treatment to anxiety, panic disorders, phobias; easy to become addicted to
38
antidepressants
control mood by controlling neurotransmitters
39
tricyclics
inhibit re-uptake of neirotransmitters
40
antimanics
mood stabilizers
41
ECT
small cortical seizures release a flood of neurotransmitters
42
psychosurgery
destroying parts of the brain
43
individual treatment
cognitive ideas, emphasis on perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, focuses on changing maladaptive thoughts
44
Becks Cognitive Restructuring
cognitive triad: negative views about self, world, future build on each other;identify negative self talk, challenge it and change it; change brain plasticity
45
Exposure Response Prevention
general adaptation syndrome, flooding, systematic desensitization
46
general adaptive syndrome
body's stress response: 1. alarm 2. resistance 3.exhaustion
47
flooding
start at top of fear hierarchy
48
systematic desensitation
start at bottom of hierarchy
49
Rational Emotive Theory
Ellis: ABC model: activating event, irrational beliefs, unhealthy consequences
50
catastrophizing
thinking of the worst possible situation
51
musterbating
thinking of what one must do
52
inference chaining
questions leading to identifying the irrational belief
53
Carl Rogers
non-directive, overall goal of personal growth
54
Group Treatment
social support, less expensive
55
Indigenous healing practices
encompasses therapeutic beliefs and practices rooted in a given culture
56
ecological model
relationship between people and the environment
57
Chinese Taoist Cognitive Psychotherapy
incorporating religious beliefs
58
Today's elements of abnormality
socially deviant behavior, maladaptiveness, distress, statistical infrequency
59
concept of normal changes
homosexuality was a disorder until 1987
60
6 characteristics of mental health
Jahoda: 1. realistic self perception 2. strong sense of identity 3. independence 4. maintains interpersonal relationships 5. copes with stressful situations 6. capacity for personal growth
61
7 characteristics of abnormal behavior
1. person is suffering 2. maladaptiveness 3. irrationality 4. unpredictability 5. vividness (experience things differently) 6. observer discomfort 7. violation of moral standards
62
culture bound syndrome
mental health problem with a set of symptoms recognized by only one culture
63
neurosthenia
anxiety and effective disorder diagnosed only in China
64
cultural bias (blindness)
inability to recognize symptoms not in the norm of the clinicians culture
65
etic
outsider approach (DSM)
66
emic
insider approach (culturally specific tools)
67
avoiding culture bias
1. learn about clients culture 2. conduct interviews in 1st language 3. educate client to requirements for diagnosis 4. encourage minorities into clinical roles
68
stigmatization
negative social view of a disorder, especially common in eastern cultures
69
self-fulfilling prophecy
people begin to act as they think they are
70
confirmation bias
if a client is there in the first place, something must be wrong
71
OCD culture variations
similarity in prevalence rates, onset age, comorbidity of other anxiety and depressive disorders
72
OCD gender variations
similar, or females slightly higher prevalence
73
bipolar culture variations
prevalence rate, severity, impact, patterns of comorbidity all similar
74
bipolar gender variations
sex ratios equal
75
Psychopathology
Study of mental illness which is based on the observed symptoms in the patient
76
Psychoanalytic
Events in early childhood that are pushed into the unconscious cause abnormal behavior
77
ABCS in describing disorders
Affective symptoms Behavioral Cognitive Somatic

Psychology (21 decks)

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