Abnormal Unit: Terms Flashcards
etiologies
apparent causation and factors of the disorder
anxiety disorders
marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety; irrational fears
OCD
marked by consistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals
more women
obsession
repeated thoughts intrude on consciousness in a distressing way
compulsions
actions one feels forced to carry out
OCD: biological
head injuries, low serotonin levels or receptors
never straight biological
OCD: cognitive
- learned behaviors reinforced by fear reduction
- excessive attention to perceived threats
- stress exacerbates problems
OCD: social
- obsessions are repugnant and kept secret
- religion can play into OCD: cleanliness
diathesis stress model
stress precipitates psychological issues
affective disorders
Characterized by dysfunctional moods
Depression
more common in women, affecting 15% of people at one point
Depression: biological
genetic predisposition, catecholamine hypothesis, cortisol hypothesis, long term depression can result in structural brain changes
catecholamine hypothesis
associated with low levels of adrenaline
cortisol hypothesis
cortisol, a major stress hormone, can predispose an individual to depression
Depression: cognitive
Ellis, Beck, dichotomous thinking
Ellis
depression comes from irrational and illogical thinking
Beck
depression comes from distortions and biases in information processing
dichotomous thinking
black and white thinking
Depression: social
diathesis stress model, individualistic cultures (affective symptoms), collectivist cultures (somatic symptoms)
unipolar
depression or mania
Bipolar
depression and mania, 2.6% of Americans, cycling varies
bipolar: biological
first degree relatives have 10-25% chance of having an effective disorder, diathesis stress model, smaller frontal lobes, decreased brain activity in areas that regulate emotion
bipolar: cognitive
Ellis, learned helplessness/hopelessness
bipolar: social
life stress leads to negative thinking, inadequate social skills to gain positive reinforcement, depression rates in Africa increased with westernization
Rorschach Inkblot
projective test, based on idea of normalcy, no objective grading
projective test
ambiguous stimuli to talk about
Thematic Apperception Test
projective, tell a story about pictures, measures patterns of thought, used as a tool
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
500+ true or false questions, looking for clusters/patterns, mini scales indicate if client distorted answers
interviews
predetermined questions on disorders
medical scans
to observe brain abnormalities
eclectic approach
using principles from different therapies, recognizes strengths and weaknesses, less chance of relapse, combo shows most improvement
biomedical treatment
based on brain chemistry: drugs and dosage, side effects
psychopharmocolgy
use of drugs to relieve symptoms
antipsychotics
treats hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior
typical neuroleptics
treat positive psychotic symptoms; block dopamine transmitters
atypical neuroleptics
treat negative psychotic symptoms; block dopamine receptors
anti-anxiety drugs
short term treatment to anxiety, panic disorders, phobias; easy to become addicted to
antidepressants
control mood by controlling neurotransmitters
tricyclics
inhibit re-uptake of neirotransmitters
antimanics
mood stabilizers
ECT
small cortical seizures release a flood of neurotransmitters
psychosurgery
destroying parts of the brain
individual treatment
cognitive ideas, emphasis on perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, focuses on changing maladaptive thoughts
Becks Cognitive Restructuring
cognitive triad: negative views about self, world, future build on each other;identify negative self talk, challenge it and change it; change brain plasticity
Exposure Response Prevention
general adaptation syndrome, flooding, systematic desensitization
general adaptive syndrome
body’s stress response: 1. alarm 2. resistance 3.exhaustion
flooding
start at top of fear hierarchy
systematic desensitation
start at bottom of hierarchy
Rational Emotive Theory
Ellis: ABC model: activating event, irrational beliefs, unhealthy consequences
catastrophizing
thinking of the worst possible situation
musterbating
thinking of what one must do
inference chaining
questions leading to identifying the irrational belief
Carl Rogers
non-directive, overall goal of personal growth
Group Treatment
social support, less expensive
Indigenous healing practices
encompasses therapeutic beliefs and practices rooted in a given culture
ecological model
relationship between people and the environment
Chinese Taoist Cognitive Psychotherapy
incorporating religious beliefs
Today’s elements of abnormality
socially deviant behavior, maladaptiveness, distress, statistical infrequency
concept of normal changes
homosexuality was a disorder until 1987
6 characteristics of mental health
Jahoda:
- realistic self perception
- strong sense of identity
- independence
- maintains interpersonal relationships
- copes with stressful situations
- capacity for personal growth
7 characteristics of abnormal behavior
- person is suffering
- maladaptiveness
- irrationality
- unpredictability
- vividness (experience things differently)
- observer discomfort
- violation of moral standards
culture bound syndrome
mental health problem with a set of symptoms recognized by only one culture
neurosthenia
anxiety and effective disorder diagnosed only in China
cultural bias (blindness)
inability to recognize symptoms not in the norm of the clinicians culture
etic
outsider approach (DSM)
emic
insider approach (culturally specific tools)
avoiding culture bias
- learn about clients culture
- conduct interviews in 1st language
- educate client to requirements for diagnosis
- encourage minorities into clinical roles
stigmatization
negative social view of a disorder, especially common in eastern cultures
self-fulfilling prophecy
people begin to act as they think they are
confirmation bias
if a client is there in the first place, something must be wrong
OCD culture variations
similarity in prevalence rates, onset age, comorbidity of other anxiety and depressive disorders
OCD gender variations
similar, or females slightly higher prevalence
bipolar culture variations
prevalence rate, severity, impact, patterns of comorbidity all similar
bipolar gender variations
sex ratios equal
Psychopathology
Study of mental illness which is based on the observed symptoms in the patient
Psychoanalytic
Events in early childhood that are pushed into the unconscious cause abnormal behavior
ABCS in describing disorders
Affective symptoms
Behavioral
Cognitive
Somatic
