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Psychology > CLO: Part One: Short Answer > Flashcards

CLO: Part One: Short Answer Flashcards

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1
Q

Principles of the CLOA

A
  1. Human beings are information processors (our minds work something like computers) and mental processes guide our behavior
  2. The mind can be studied scientifically using theories and scientific research methods
  3. Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors
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2
Q

Schema theory

A

A cognitive theory on processing and organizing information; states that all knowledge is organized into units and new knowledge is put into those units

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3
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Failure to store memories after a trauma

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4
Q

Principle 1

A

Human beings are information processors (our minds work something like computers) and mental processes guide our behavior (Bottom up processing, top down processing, output)

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5
Q

P1: Bottom up processing

A

Information comes to the mind from the senses

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6
Q

P1: Top down processing

A

Information comes from pre-stored information and is processed in the mind based on expiriences

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7
Q

P1: Output

A

Behavior

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8
Q

Schema

A

A cognitive structure that organizes knowledge stored in our memory

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9
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Failure to store memories that had occurred before a trauma

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10
Q

Principle 2

A

The minds can be studied scientifically using theories and scientific research methods

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11
Q

P2: Difficulty

A

Cognitive processes are difficult to study because they occur rapidly and inside the mind and are not directly observable so researchers must study responses

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12
Q

Principle 3

A

Cognitive processes are influences by social and cultural factors (culture, schemas)

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13
Q

Explicit memory and parts

A

Fact based info, conscious retrieval: Semantic: memory of facts, Episodic: Memory of events

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14
Q

Research methods at the CLOA

A

Case studies
Experiments
Brain imaging tech

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15
Q

Case studies

A

Used to back up experaments and examine phenomena

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16
Q

Experiments

A

To determine cause and effect and show a relationship between cognition and environment

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17
Q

Brain imaging tech

A

Used to connect cognitive processes to certain parts of the brain

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18
Q

Ethical considerations at the CLOA

A 
Consent: brain damaged people cannot give it
Anonymity/confidentiality
Emotional harm
Invasion of privacy
Deception
Insurance policies
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19
Q

Multi-store model of a memory

A

Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

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20
Q

Sensory memory

A

Each sense has a different store, most sensory input is lost to decay, some is transferred to short term memory

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21
Q

Short term memory

A

Has a limited capacity of 7 items, limited duration of 15-30 seconds, eventually rehearsal in STM leads to transfer of information into LTM

22
Q

Chunking

A

Groups items together to increase storage space in STM

23
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information vocally increases amount of time in STM

24
Q

Interference

A

Distraction decreases amount of time in STM storage

25
Q

Long term memory

A

Unlimited amount of storage space and time, info is encoded semantically, visually, vocally, forgetting occurs due to memory race deterioration and lack of effective cues

26
Q

MSMM Criticisms

A

STM and LTM separate units, can’t explain why some things are remembered and some forgotten, does not explain how LTM is accessed to make sense of STM, rehearsal is not the only means of transfer from STM to LTM

27
Q

Implicit memory and parts

A

Not consciously retrieved: Procedural: how to do things, Emotional: memory of emotional content

28
Q

Working Memory Model

A

Central executive –> Visuospatial sketchpad, Episodic buffer, Phonological loop –> LTM

29
Q

Central executive

A

Most important component, responsible for monitoring and controlling the operation of the slave systems, limited amount of storage, plays role in attention, planning and synthesizing info

30
Q

Phonological loop

A

Stores a limited number of sounds for brief periods of time “inner ear”: Phonological store + Articulatory control system

31
Q

Phonological store

A

Allows acoustically coded items to be stored briefly (1.5-2 seconds)

32
Q

Articulatory control system

A

Allows sub-vocal repetition of the items in the phonological store “inner voice”

33
Q

Episodic buffer

A

A TV screen that cannot think and cannot replay images

34
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Stored visual and spatial info, “inner eye”

35
Q

WMM Strengths

A

Explains how people can perform different cognitive tasks at the same time, explains problems in academic performance

36
Q

WMM Weaknesses

A

Control executive remains mysterious: function unclear, does not consider effects of differential processing in LTM

37
Q

Flashbulb memory theory

A

A special kind of episodic memory of highly emotional events that appear to be recorded in the brain as though with a camera, more vivid and detailed, presumed to be highly accurate and intact

38
Q

Emotional memory

A

Memory of emotional content: Implicit

39
Q

Process of memory

A

Encoding: transforming sensory information into a meaningful memory, Storage: creating a biological trace of the encoded info in memory, Retrieval: using the stored info

40
Q

Three components of emotion

A

Physiological: arousal of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system, Cognitive: personal feelings, beliefs, opinions, Behavior: facial expressions, body language, crying

41
Q

Short route of emotion

A

Goes from thalamus to amygdala; fast but simplistic reaction

42
Q

Long route of emotion

A

Goes from thalamus to neocortex to hippocampus to amygdala; more evaluative response that can adjust our emotions to something more reasonable

43
Q

Procedural memory

A

How to do things: Implicit

44
Q

Lazarus’s theory

A

A person’s subjective and active appraisal of a situation leads to an emotional feeling

45
Q

Appraisals

A

Evaluations related to how the situation will impact one’s personal well being

46
Q

Positive appraisals

A

There will be a potential benefit to one’s personal well being –> results in a positive emotion

47
Q

Negative appraisals

A

There is a potential harm to one’s well being –> results in a negative emotion

48
Q

Problem focused coping

A

Change the situation that caused the emotional stress

49
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of events: Explicit

50
Q

Emotion focused coping

A

Handle the emotions rather than the situation

51
Q

Chunking experiment

A

Chunking allows for greater STM capacity as learned by trying to remember clumps of letters

52
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory of facts: Explicit

Psychology (21 decks)

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