Development Unit: Terms Flashcards
internal working model
mental representation of the child’s first attachment relationship: ideas about others, self and how the self and others relate
sensorimotor
birth-2: experience world through sense and movement, egocentric
pre-operational
2-7: egocentric, animism, irreversibility, centration, no conservation
conrete operational
7-12: metalinguistic awareness, lose egocentrism, decentrism, sociocentrism
formal operations
12-up: abstract thinking, metacognition, hypothetico deductive reasoning
zone of proximal development
a zone between what children can learn with and without help (More knowledgeable other guides development)
strange situation type A
avoidant: 20, kid shows indifference when mom leaves; mom’s are indifferent about kid
strange situation type B
secure: 70, kid is upset when mom leaves and calms upon return; mom’s are engaged with kid
strange situation type C
ambivalent: 10, kid is upset and not easily soothed upon return; mom’s are inconsistent
strange situation type D
(Main and Soloman) insecure: child has no reaction; moms are depressed or abusive
parenting types
permissive, authoritarian, authoritative, uninvolved
parenting type permissive
allows, self-regulation, more responsive than demanding; results in aggressive and immature kids
parenting type authoritarian
no communication and demanding; results in low self esteem and social skills
parenting type authoritative
communication, responsive and demanding; high self esteem and social skills
parenting type uninvolved
low responsiveness and demanding; results in emotionally withdrawn and anxious kids
resilience
ability to bounce back from stressful, traumatic experiences
risk factors
poverty, social exclusion, and unemployment
protective factors
temperament, secure attachment style, SES resources, community social support
critical period
an optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli produces proper development
cultural ideal hypothesis
Blythe (1987) boys become closer to ideal body during puberty but girls get farther away
Kohlberg: pre-conventional
until age 9: morals rest in external authority figures; views actions in terms of how they will effect the individual, avoids punishment and makes trades
Kohlberg: conventional
most adolescents and adults: pleases other to gain approval; conforms to stereotypes or how they believe people want them to answer and doing civic duty
Kohlberg: post conventional
only 10-15%: stands apart from authority; respects laws but realizes limitations and follows universal ethics: justice, equality, etc
social role theory
gender stereotypes arise from roles sexes typically occupy
adolescence
a period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult
Marcia: commitment and crisis
identity achievement: successful achievement of identity through consideration of possibilities
Marcia: commitment
identity foreclosure: adaptation of parental or societal values, sidestepping finding out identity
Marcia: crisis
identity moratorium: struggling for identity, experimenting; can be valuable if temporary
Marcia: neither
identity diffusion: absence of struggle for identity
factors in development of attachment disorder
parental sensitivity, infant temperament, family circumstances
gender
culturally constructed distinction between femininity and masculinity; bio and social
theory of psychosexual differentiation
humans are born with innate predispositions to act like males or females due to testosterone levels
biosocial theory of gender development
the interaction between biological and social factors is what’s important, i.e. hormones and labeling
