HRLO: Part One: Matching Flashcards
• Pro-social behavior
Behavior that benefits another person or has positive social consequences
• Altruism
Helping a person for no reward, end even at some cost to oneself
• Kin Selection Theory
Predicts that the degree of altruism depends on the number of genes shared by the helped and the helpee, because then there is a greater chance of the helper’s genes being passed on
• Negative state relief model
Egoistic motives lead us to help others in bad circumstances in order to reduce the distress we experience from watching the bad situation.
• Reciprocal altruism theory
Based on the idea that it may be beneficial to an animals survival to behave altruistically if there is an expectation that the favor will be returned in the future
• Social Identity theory
The theory that individuals strive to improve their self-image by trying to enhance their self esteem based on their personal identity and social identity
• Imitation
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• Diffusion of responsibility
People are less likely to help when they believe others are present because it reduces the psychological cost (guilt or stress) of not helping
• Bystanderism
The phenomenon that an individual is less likely to help on an emergency situation when positive bystanders are passive bystanders are present
• Pluralistic ignorance
If the situation is ambiguous and other people aren’t reacting to what seems to be an emergency, then others are less likely to help
• Arousal Cost-reward model
In emergency and non-emergency situations we are motivated to help people as a way of reducing unpleasant feelings such as disgust, fear, and anxiety, which can all be increased by a person’s proximity to the emergency, empathy, and the length of time an emergency continues for
• Mere exposure effect
When participants were shown pictures of strangers, photos that were shown more frequently were rated more positively. Researchers argue that this is due to increase in trust with exposure
• Attraction similarity model
People tend to prefer friends and partners similar to themselves. It has psychological benefits of validating one’s views, although perception of similarity may not be accurate
• Social penetration theory
Close relationships are formed by a gradual process of self-disclosure. Closeness develops if the participants proceed in a gradual manner from superficial to intimate levels of communication and this is associated with attraction
• Self-disclosure
The sharing of facts about one’s life and inner thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Disclosing something about yourself makes both strangers and friends like you more
• Attribution and communication
In healthy relationships, positive behavior is seen as dispositional, negative behavior is situational. Not only are unhealthy relationships likely to tie negative behavior with dispositional factors, they also employ global attribution, such as “you always forget my needs”
• Triangular Theory of Love
A couple’s type of love is based on certain combinations of ingredients: Passion, i.e. butterflies, euphoria, sexual arousal, Intimacy, i.e. warmth, closeness, sharing, Commitment, i.e. intent to maintain the relationship despite the costs
• Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Communication that predicts marital dissatisfaction: Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Stonewalling
• Social exchange theory
Relationships are maintained through a cost benefit analysis: cost must not outweigh benefits
• Equity Theory
The perception of equity is what determines whether a relationship will be maintained
• Patterns of accommodation
The process of responding to a partners negative behavior are integral to the maintenance of the relationship: constructive or destructive responses
• Fatal Attraction theory
The idea that the same trait that initially caused the attraction to someone will eventually lead to the end of the relationship
• Subculture of violence theory
Some cultures value violent behavior and members commit to those values. Individual violent values lead to violent behavior between subcultures and act as a social control among group members. Violence is used as a way of defending honor and maintaining status in the group in relation to other groups.
• Culture of honor
A cultural norm where people need to maintain their reputation by not accepting improper conduct by others, such as insults. Cultures encourage retribution and toughness
• Short term effects of bullying
Stress
• Long term effects of bullying
PTSD, depression, anti-social behavior
SLT and Violence
Aggressive behavior that is reinforced by members of one’s family is perhaps the most important source of behavior modeling given the home is where the initial process of learning begins
Deindividualization
A psychological state that is aroused when individuals join crowds or large groups. The individual loses self awareness and believes they are able to avoid responsibility for their actions leading to them being more impulsive, aggressive and violent
