HRLO: Part One: Matching

Question 1

• Pro-social behavior

Answer 1

Behavior that benefits another person or has positive social consequences

Question 2

• Altruism

Answer 2

Helping a person for no reward, end even at some cost to oneself

Question 3

• Kin Selection Theory

Answer 3

Predicts that the degree of altruism depends on the number of genes shared by the helped and the helpee, because then there is a greater chance of the helper’s genes being passed on

Question 4

• Negative state relief model

Answer 4

Egoistic motives lead us to help others in bad circumstances in order to reduce the distress we experience from watching the bad situation.

Question 5

• Reciprocal altruism theory

Answer 5

Based on the idea that it may be beneficial to an animals survival to behave altruistically if there is an expectation that the favor will be returned in the future

Question 6

• Social Identity theory

Answer 6

The theory that individuals strive to improve their self-image by trying to enhance their self esteem based on their personal identity and social identity

Question 7

• Imitation

Answer 7

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Question 8

• Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 8

People are less likely to help when they believe others are present because it reduces the psychological cost (guilt or stress) of not helping

Question 9

• Bystanderism

Answer 9

The phenomenon that an individual is less likely to help on an emergency situation when positive bystanders are passive bystanders are present

Question 10

• Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 10

If the situation is ambiguous and other people aren’t reacting to what seems to be an emergency, then others are less likely to help

Question 11

• Arousal Cost-reward model

Answer 11

In emergency and non-emergency situations we are motivated to help people as a way of reducing unpleasant feelings such as disgust, fear, and anxiety, which can all be increased by a person’s proximity to the emergency, empathy, and the length of time an emergency continues for

Question 12

• Mere exposure effect

Answer 12

When participants were shown pictures of strangers, photos that were shown more frequently were rated more positively. Researchers argue that this is due to increase in trust with exposure

Question 13

• Attraction similarity model

Answer 13

People tend to prefer friends and partners similar to themselves. It has psychological benefits of validating one’s views, although perception of similarity may not be accurate

Question 14

• Social penetration theory

Answer 14

Close relationships are formed by a gradual process of self-disclosure. Closeness develops if the participants proceed in a gradual manner from superficial to intimate levels of communication and this is associated with attraction

Question 15

• Self-disclosure

Answer 15

The sharing of facts about one’s life and inner thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Disclosing something about yourself makes both strangers and friends like you more

Question 16

• Attribution and communication

Answer 16

In healthy relationships, positive behavior is seen as dispositional, negative behavior is situational. Not only are unhealthy relationships likely to tie negative behavior with dispositional factors, they also employ global attribution, such as “you always forget my needs”

Question 17

• Triangular Theory of Love

Answer 17

A couple’s type of love is based on certain combinations of ingredients: Passion, i.e. butterflies, euphoria, sexual arousal, Intimacy, i.e. warmth, closeness, sharing, Commitment, i.e. intent to maintain the relationship despite the costs

Question 18

• Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Answer 18

Communication that predicts marital dissatisfaction: Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Stonewalling

Question 19

• Social exchange theory

Answer 19

Relationships are maintained through a cost benefit analysis: cost must not outweigh benefits

Question 20

• Equity Theory

Answer 20

The perception of equity is what determines whether a relationship will be maintained

Question 21

• Patterns of accommodation

Answer 21

The process of responding to a partners negative behavior are integral to the maintenance of the relationship: constructive or destructive responses

Question 22

• Fatal Attraction theory

Answer 22

The idea that the same trait that initially caused the attraction to someone will eventually lead to the end of the relationship

Question 23

• Subculture of violence theory

Answer 23

Some cultures value violent behavior and members commit to those values. Individual violent values lead to violent behavior between subcultures and act as a social control among group members. Violence is used as a way of defending honor and maintaining status in the group in relation to other groups.

Question 24

• Culture of honor

Answer 24

A cultural norm where people need to maintain their reputation by not accepting improper conduct by others, such as insults. Cultures encourage retribution and toughness

Question 25

• Short term effects of bullying

Answer 25

Stress

Question 26

• Long term effects of bullying

Answer 26

PTSD, depression, anti-social behavior

Question 27

SLT and Violence

Answer 27

Aggressive behavior that is reinforced by members of one’s family is perhaps the most important source of behavior modeling given the home is where the initial process of learning begins

Question 28

Deindividualization

Answer 28

A psychological state that is aroused when individuals join crowds or large groups. The individual loses self awareness and believes they are able to avoid responsibility for their actions leading to them being more impulsive, aggressive and violent