Health Unit: Terms Flashcards
stressors
the stimuli that we appraise as threatening or challenging
type of stressor: frusteration
when the pursuit of a goal is thwarted
conflict
2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression
choice between 2 attractive goals
approach-approach
choice between 2 unattractive goals
avoidance-avoidance
one choice with attractive and unattractive aspects
approach-avoidance
Transactional Model of Stress
stress involves a transaction between the individual and external world (primary and secondary appraisal)
TMS: primary appraisal
is the situation positive or negative?
TMS: secondary appraisal
consideration/evaluation of available coping strategies
coping strategies (2)
problem focused: change the situation
emotion-focused: maladaptive techniques, relaxation, talk to others
Stress Innoculation Training
People reinterpret events and put coping behaviors into action
- therapeutic alliance
- application training
- application follow through
Tend and Befriend
male stress response: fight or flight - testosterone
female stress response: tend and befriend - oxytocin
substance
anything people ingest to alter mood, cognition or behavior
addiction
characterized by behavioral and other responses that include a compulsion to use the substance continuously
general household survey
23% of men and 21% of women smoke
substance use
consumption of or use of any substance
substance addiction
characterized by continued use of substance despite knowing problems or unsuccessful effort to control substance abuse
psychological addiction
cravings, situations and mood serve as triggers
physical addiction
tolerance, withdrawal symptoms
biological effects of smoking
dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin and acetylcholine
cognitive and social factors
most important factor is parents smoking, most common in adults below poverty line, most teens smoke for purely social reasons
biological reasons for obesity
brain: hypothalamus primarily responsible for food intake
hunger triggering hormones
onexin and grelin
leptin
protein released by fats cells that signals fullness
insulin
regulates blood glucose levels: less glucose means more hunger
set point theory
an individual’s weight thermostat is set
metabolism
inherited rate at which food is converted into energy
settling point theory
a number of factors affect weight; long lasting life changes can change set point
false hope syndrome
people are overly optimistic about the length of time to lose weight
lipase inhibitors
reduce fat absorption
appetite suppressants
increase neurotransmitters that affect mood and appetite to increase fullness or decrease hunger pangs
Health belief model
predicts whether a person will choose healthy behaviors: evaluation of threat and cost-benefit analysis
self-efficacy
perceived ability to carry out a behavior
theory of reasoned action
people son’t always act in ways that are in line with their beliefs: beliefs to attitudes and intentions and behavior
stages of change model
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
catastrohpe theory
west and sohal: people react to an environmental cue and decide to stop all at once
evidence based research
efficacy: relative improvement in health as a result of intervention in controlled and randomized trials
effectiveness: improvement in health as a result of an intervention in a realistic setting
Beck: CBT and Weight Loss
10 women successfully dropped weight by challenging eating behaviors and reshaping thinking
general adaptation syndrome
a model of the body’s stress response:
Alarm: first recognition of threat
Resistance: physical changes stabilize
Exhaustion: body’s resources are limited and panic decreases and resistance declines
Personality
Type A: strong, competitive, self-imposed stress
Type B: relaxed, patient, easygoing
social self preservation theory
threats to one’s self esteem and status have negative cognitive/emotional consequences
