PAPER 1 - ATTACHMENT - stages of attachment/ role of the father Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Schaffer and Emerson’s first stage in their theory of the development of attachment?

A
  • birth-2 months - indiscriminate (asocial) attachments
  • similar response to all objects, greater preference to people at end of stage, interactional synchrony and reciprocity playing a role in developing attachments
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2
Q

What is Schaffer and Emerson’s second stage of the development of attachment?

A
  • 2-4 months - beginnings of attachment/indiscriminate
  • seek attention from a number of people
  • no stranger anxiety
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3
Q

What is Schaffer and Emerson’s third stage of the development of attachment?

A
  • 4-7 months - discriminate/specific attachment
  • typically develop strong attachment to one person showing separation protest & stranger anxiety
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4
Q

What is Schaffer and Emerson’s 4th stage of attachment?

A
  • 7-9 months - multiple attachments
  • strong emotional ties with other carers develop
  • secondary attachments form (siblings)
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5
Q

what was the study of Schaffer and Emerson called?

A

the glasgow babies

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6
Q

what was the procedure of Schaffer and Emersons study?

A
  • longitudinal study of 60 babies (working class Glasgow)
  • start of investigation, babies were from 5-23 weeks old
  • infants studies until 1
  • mothers were visited every 4 weeks and mother reported their infants response to 7 everyday situations (asked to describe intensity of protest
  • mothers had to say who protest was directed
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7
Q

what were the findings of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A
  • between 25-32 weeks of age, 50% babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards particular adult
  • attachment tended to be caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive, not necessarily who spent most time with
  • between 40 weeks, 80% had specific attachment & 30% displayed multiple attachments
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8
Q

what conclusions can be made from Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

they developed the stages of attachment theory

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9
Q

Why might Schaffer and Emerson’s study have a BIASED SAMPLE?

A
  • Temporal validity/bias (1960’s)
  • Only working class families- one social group, population validity
  • Cultural bias (individualistic and collectivist culture)
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10
Q

What is another social problem with Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

doesnt allow for individual differences

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11
Q

Why might Schaffer and Emerson’s study be UNRELIABLE?

A

1) Social desirability bias
2) Subjective opinions to babies actions (internal validity)

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12
Q

What were Schaffer and Emerson’s findings about father-infant relationships?

A

Father’s were less likely to be the primary attachment figure due to them being around the infant less

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13
Q

Who counter argued Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

Lamb- Reported that there was little relationship between father accessibility and infant-father attachment

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14
Q

What two factors might affect father-infant attachment?

A

1) Biology (lack of oestrogen)
2) Cultural expectations (feminine to stay at home and care)

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15
Q

What did Frank and Frodi individually find?

A
  • Frank found fathers could be primary attachment, but biological & social factors discourage it,
  • Frodi found that there was no physiological difference between men & women’s reactions to a crying infant video
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16
Q

Why could men being less sensitive be positive?

A

it fosters problem solving as it makes the infants have greater communication and higher cognitive demands

17
Q

What did Grossman and Varissimo find?

A

1) Quality of mother- infant attachment affects infants adolescence
2) Quality of father- infant attachment affects childhood friendships

18
Q

What is a benefit of a strong father-infant attachment?

A

better social skills

19
Q

Why is it hard to establish significance of father-infant attachments?

A

Can’t be put into correlational data as other factors (social or economic) have an effect on problematic behaviors too