PAPER 1 - ATTACHMENT - cultural variations in attachment

Question 1

what is a meta analysis?

Answer 1

when a researcher examines the findings of a number of studies and creates a statistic to represent the overall effect

Question 2

what is an individualistic culture?

Answer 2

a community that prioritises an individual over the community

Question 3

what is collectivist culture?

Answer 3

the needs & goals of the group as a whole come first over the needs & desires of each individual

Question 4

what are culture variations?

Answer 4

different groups of people differ in relation to their social practices

Question 5

what does intra cultural mean?

Answer 5

difference of findings from within a culture

Question 6

what does intercultural mean?

Answer 6

difference of findings between different cultures

Question 7

what is imposed etic?

Answer 7

a form of cultural bias when a researcher assumes a measuring tool can be measured in other cultures

Question 8

What did Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) do?

Answer 8

conducted a meta-analysis of the findings of 32 countries which explored attachment behaviour- included 2000 studies that used the strange situation in over 8 countries

Question 9

what was the aim of Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg’s research?

Answer 9

to see whether inter-cultural and intra-cultural variations existed

Question 10

what 3 things did Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg find on inter-cultural variation?

Answer 10

• small differences
• secure attachment was most common in all countries
• insecure-avoidant was second most common everywhere except for Japan & Israel

Question 11

what 3 things did Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg find on intra-cultural variation?

Answer 11

• variation WITHIN cultures was 1.5 times greater than variation BETWEEN cultures
• secure attachment was most common in all countries
• insecure-avoidant was 2nd most common in all countries apart from Japan & Israel

Question 12

what did Grossman & Grossman (1991) find to do with cultural differences?

Answer 12

higher levels of insecure-avoidant attachment in German infants due to different childcare practices & German culture

Question 13

what did Takahashi (1990) do?

Answer 13

conducted strange situation with 60 Japanese infants- showed secure attachments - also high insecure-resistant attachment, 90% showed extreme stress making the study end

Question 14

What are 3 criticisms of research into cultural variations in attachment?

Answer 14

• sample may not represent the country, only cultures within that country
• researcher bias- indigenous researcher needed
• SS as a measuring tool- imposed etic - different cultures prefer different relationships e.g. Japan very dependent (insecure-resistant)