Pain & Nociception 1 Flashcards by Charlotte Smith

what are some plural pains

dentine sensitivity
caries
trauma
cracked cusp

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what is dentine sensitivity

expo dentine irritates the pulp as they are inseparable, bacteria prod toxins which = inflam

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what is cracked cusp

restoration sill alive (amalgam) cusp fracture fell pain from hot/cold and biting down due to inflam at apex

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what is the pain associated with the periodontium

typically abscess (apical pulp died off)

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what is dry socket pain

socket doesn’t heal properly, clot comes out open socket and bone gets infected (osteitis)

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what are CMD’s

cranio mandiular disorders (TMJ problems)

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what are the CMD’s that can be present

TMJ

Masticatory muscles

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what can be the pain assc with the salivary glands

blocked duct = drier mouth but more imp when eat alive prod and is blocked = infected and swollen duct

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what is the pain assc with sinusitis

symptoms can manifest as both pain

sore when pt moves head

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what are some neuropathic pains

dysesthesia 
trigeminal neuralgia
deafferntation 
neuroma 
post hepatic neuralgia 
burning mouth syndrome

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what is dysesthsia

pain from damage of peripheral nerves

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what is trigeminal neuralgia

idea of cutting someones spinal trigeminal tract

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what is deafferation

nerves cut sometimes die off

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what is a neuroma

formed from deafferation ball nerves spontaneously active

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what is post hepatic neuralgia

assc with skin deramotme and zoster virus

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what is burning mouth syndrome

not well known just burning sensation assc with mouth

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what are a few headache types assc wit pain

migraines

temporal (giant cell) arteritis

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what is temporal (giant cell) arthritis

arteries become inflam in head and neck

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what is pain the only possible outcome of

a noxious stimulus

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what are the non sensory effects of a nociceptive stimulus

protective reflexes
CVD reflexes
alertness

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what are non sensory effects of thermorecetptive stim

thermoreg reflex
sweating
shivering

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what are non sensory effects of mechanoreceptive tim

reflexes
stretch
protective
salivary

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what are non sensory effects of proprioceptive stim

stretch reflexes

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what are non sensory effects of gustation stim

salivary reflexes

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what si the definition of pain

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience assc with actual or potential tissue damage

what does the experience of pain depend on

usually strength stim or degree tissue damage adrenaline emotions past experience of pain ability to comprehend causes/consequences

what are other sensations of pain

mechanical - segmental controls - dull pain down other pains - diffuse noxious inhibit controls (one pain cancels out other)

what is nocicieption

th activation of neural pathways by stimuli that damage or threaten to damage tissue - process

what is noxious stimulus

potentially damaging stimulus - e.g. hot water

what is nociceptive stimulus

a stimulus that activates nociceptive pathways ( in research electrical stim)

what does pains usually signify

something is wrong - caries - abscess - TMJ - Fracture

what does it mean if there is pain in healthy areas

refereed pain - jaws- sinuses - cardiac pain in left arm - phrenic pain in neck

is pain useful

learning process - avoid further damage - future avoidance

what are the types of pain

acute (fast, sharp, slow, brurning) | chronic(long lasting pain)

what are the dimensions of pain

sensory - discriminative - quality, intensity, location affective - emotional aspects

what does sensory nervous system do

informs the CNS of the internal nd external enviro

what us the role of the nociceptive system

is to signal the threat or occurrence of injury

where are nociceptors especially present in the body

cornea and tooth pulp- where pain is the predominant sensation

where are nociceptors lacking in the body

brain liver lung parenchyma

how can u study pain and nocicceptrion in animals

nociception - electrophysical records vocalisation - behavioural reflex studies

how can you study pain and nocicception in humans

microneurography psychophysical studies blister studies reflex studies

what are nociceptors

receptors that respond to noxious/nociceptive stimuli

what are nociceptors classified by

parent axon | stimulus

what is nociceptor anatomy

free nerve ending C - fine unmyelinated A beta - fine myelinated

what are some nociceptor parent axons

C - fine unmylinated, slow burning pain A beta - fine myelinated, fast sharp pain

what are the predominant nerve fibres in tooth pulp

A beta

where is double pain associated

in limbs as in head and neck too short a distance to get double pain

what are the A fibre nociceptors

mechanical - respond to strong mechanical stimuli polymodal - respond to all noxious stimuli

what are the C fibre nociciepors

non specific | polymodal

what si direct nocciceptiive transduction

stimulus acts directly on nerve ending (mechanical, chem, thermal) mem perm changes - graded potential

whats indirect nociceptor transduction

tissue injury/ inflam | chems released -> nerve ending

what is mechanical nociceptor transduction

stimulus - pinch, pressure | mech sensitive ion channels

what are thermal nociceptor transduction

vanilloid receptors | TRPV1/2 - 1 activated by capsaicin burning pain

what are allogenic substances

pain producing substances

what chemicals are activate nocicipetove nerve endings

ATP H+ K+

what chemicals activate or sensitise nocicipetive nerve endings

bradykinin histamine serotonin

what does sensitising nerve endings do

it makes the more responsive, doesn't take as much stimulus to push nerve to threshold

what chemicals are sesnitze nocicpeitive nerve endings

prostaglandins

what s substance P

present in fine peripheral fibres | role in central transmission

what releases substance P

from free nerve endings - vasodilation - mast cell deg - axon reflex

what is axon reflex

by activating nerve ending cause sub P released | backfire up another branch

what is orthodromic

if enough graded potential causes fire to CNS

what is antidromic

backfire up to another branch back o periphery | localised path, AP causes activation release sub P

what can substance P do

sensitise system | cause mast cell to release serotonin and/or histamine

what do +/- axon reflexes so

effects produce peripheral sensitisation - lowers threshold

what is allodynia

pain produced by a stimulus that would not normally produce pain - sunburn

what is an analgesic

pain killer

what are COX inhibitors

block prostaglandin formation NSAID - ibuprofen, aspirin non selective COX inhib

what do COX enzymes do

make prostanglandisn

what are the two types of prostaglandins

physiological - gastric protection - haemostasis - vasodilation inflammatory - pain and inflam