Cell Biology of Nervous System

Question 1

what were the two original theories as to what the nervous system was? What one is correct

Answer 1

Ramon y Cajal - system of individual cells that communicate - this is correct

Camimllo Golgi - interconnected city of cells

Question 2

what are nerve cells effectively

Answer 2

electrical cells

Question 3

what do nerve cells create

Answer 3

AP’s

Question 4

what are the two ways nerve cells communicate

Answer 4

chemically and electrically

Question 5

what is the CNS and what does it do

Answer 5

CNS - Braina nd spinal cord
process info
transport thro higher centres

Question 6

what is the PNS and what does it do

Answer 6

Peripheral Neves outwit CNS

colect info sensory from periphery from enviro and back to CNs and back

Question 7

what re neurons

Answer 7

building blocks of nervous system act as link in chain

Question 8

what are processes

Answer 8

important functioning unit which allow communication

Question 9

what nervous system has more processes

Answer 9

cNS more dendrites

Question 10

what are glial cells

Answer 10

support cells

Question 11

why do nerve cells need support cells

Answer 11

very delicate and help with function etc haha

Question 12

how do nerve cells communicate

Answer 12

by secretion

Question 13

what are the approximation of neutrons and glial cells

Answer 13

100 billion neurons with X10 more supporting glial cells

Question 14

what is a neon a modified version of

Answer 14

secretory cell modified

Question 15

what transports the neurtotrans

Answer 15

microtubules in axon

Question 16

what are some parts of basic neurone cell structure

Answer 16

dendrites
nucleus
cell body
axon hillock 
axon

Question 17

how is the cytoplasm packed

Answer 17

very densely packed cyto a lot going on

Question 18

what does the nerve cell body contain

Answer 18

rER nd ribosomes = proteins and mems

create cell process and vesicles

Question 19

how are neurons classified

Answer 19

number of processes

Question 20

what are the classification

Answer 20

unipolar
pseudo unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

Question 21

what are pseudounipolar

Answer 21

one process no dendrites associated very rare to see fused dendrites

Question 22

what is unipolar

Answer 22

a single process but no dendrites

Question 23

when a single dendrite and the axon fuse during development

Answer 23

pseudounipolar

Question 24

what are bipolar axons

Answer 24

an axon and the one dendrite

Question 25

what is an example of a bipolar axon

Answer 25

special senses - eye, ear, nose

Question 26

are bipolar axons common

Answer 26

not very more so than unipolar

Question 27

what si the most common axon

Answer 27

multipolar

Question 28

what is multipolar

Answer 28

many dendrites and one axon

Question 29

what is a pyramidal cell an example of

Answer 29

multipolar, in cerebral cortex a lot of communication in CNS in brain

Question 30

what do interneurons do

Answer 30

very short axons communication interconnecting cells

Question 31

what are synapses

Answer 31

specialised intercellular gaps

Question 32

what are the types of synapse

Answer 32

neuron - neuron axodendritic | neuromuscular junctions

Question 33

what is the axon end bulb

Answer 33

the site of chemical neurotrans release

Question 34

what is anterograde and retrograde movement

Answer 34

anterograde - from cell body down microtubules to end synapse retrograde- back to axon

Question 35

what moves with anterograde trans

Answer 35

neurotransmitters

Question 36

what moves with retrograde trans

Answer 36

mito, dammaged mem to cell body

Question 37

how do synapse vesicles throw out contents

Answer 37

exocytosis

Question 38

what does each vesicle add to the presynaptic membrane

Answer 38

tiny lumps add to membrane not good if too much

Question 39

what are the stages of vesicle secretion

Answer 39

vesicle tether to membrane then dock then fuse nd release

Question 40

how are membranes recycled

Answer 40

using clatheri baskets

Question 41

what process does clatherin baskets use to recycle excess membrane

Answer 41

endocytosis

Question 42

what kind of movement does the clatherin basket use

Answer 42

retrograde movement

Question 43

what is the other method of preventing too much build of presyn mem

Answer 43

kiss and run

Question 44

what is the kiss and run method

Answer 44

the vesicle docks an releases some product but not all. then closes and vesicle leaves

Question 45

which method has a larger peak of product

Answer 45

fully docking and release not kiss and run

Question 46

how are th dendrites described

Answer 46

as a dendritic tree as process branch

Question 47

what does more dendritic spines mean

Answer 47

more interaction with surrounding cells

Question 48

what happens with repeated stimulation to dendrite

Answer 48

modification of dendritic spines

Question 49

what s modification of dendritic spines called

Answer 49

long term potentiation

Question 50

what is long term potentiation an example of

Answer 50

learning in the CNS

Question 51

what doe myelin do

Answer 51

facilitate conduction as is an insulating coat

Question 52

what si myelin structure along the axon like

Answer 52

wraps around th axon in internodes with discontinuous nodes of ranvier between internodes

Question 53

whats the difference of the myelination of the CNS and PNS

Answer 53

CNS - oligodendrocyte 1:many | PNS - Schwan cells 1:1

Question 54

what is an astrocyte

Answer 54

star like | strutural, metabolic, mechanical support of neurons

Question 55

what is and oligodendrocyte

Answer 55

myelination of axons in CNS

Question 56

what is microglia

Answer 56

aka macrophages | scavengers that phagocytose foreign matter

Question 57

what are perivascular cells

Answer 57

similar to microglia but near blood vessels

Question 58

what are schwann cells

Answer 58

myelination and trophic support of PNS | also involved in growth and repair

Question 59

what are activated T lymphocytes

Answer 59

enter CNS for surveillance ensuring only 'self' cells

Question 60

what are ependymal cells

Answer 60

line cavities , modified epithelia

Question 61

what are support cells called

Answer 61

glial cells

Question 62

what are some examples of glial cells

Answer 62

``` astrocytes microglia activated t lymphocytes oligodendrocyte schwann cells ependymal cells perivascular cells ```

Question 63

what does the blood brain barrier do

Answer 63

protects brain from potentially toxic substances | maintain fluid enviro for neurons and glia

Question 64

what do the tight junctions of the BB barrier do

Answer 64

restrict access to large molecules

Question 65

what helps transfer important metabolites form blood to neurons

Answer 65

astrocyte end foot process in BB Barrier