Intro to Neuroscience and Spinal Cord Flashcards
what does the cNS consist of
brain nd spinal cord
what are the parts of the brain which are easily seen from the side
cerebral hemispheres
dicephlon between brain
cerebellum
brainstem
what are the structures of the brian from below
telecephlon - cerebral hemispheres
diecephlon between brain
brainstem fully - midbrain, pons, medulla
what happens at the diencephalon
optic nerves originate from here
how does the nervous system originate
develops from tube which develops into lumps = cephalon and grow into structure
what is the smallest region of the hemispheres
midbrain and diencehplon
what are ventricles filled with
fluid CSF
what re the ventricles f the brain
2 x lateral
third
fourth
are all the ventricles associated with each other
yes
what attaches the lateral ventricles to the 3rd vent
intraventricular foramen
what connects the 3rd and 4th vent
cerebral aqueduct
what is a way of identifying a section of midbrain
small tube running down = aqueduct
what si the thin mem between later vents called
septum pallisidum
what is the corpus collosum
at base of telencephalon
huge white matter
major highway for sides of brain to communicate
what are the parts of the corpus callous
splenium posterior aspect
genue and anterior
fornix connection to thalamus
what are gyri and sulci
gyri - bumps
sulci - valleys
what is the parieto-occipital sulcus
very deep sulcus sep lobes
what i the other deep sulcus
central sulcus
what are the lobes of the brain
temporal parietal occipital frontal insula (hidden in fissure)
what is imp about central sulcus
divides motor and sensory cortex
what are the gyri called for motor and sensory cortex
precetral gyrus - motor
postcentral gyrus - sensory
what is the darker rind of the brain
grey matter
what is grey matter
contains neurons, neutron cell bodies and glial cells
why is the brain folded
to increase SA of grey matter fro thinking
what is the inner part of the brain
white matter
what its white matter
lot of fat inside as myelin sheath wraps mem made of phospholipids andfatty acids
is the thalamus white or grey matter
grey matter substantially
what si a fissure of the brian and hits what at bottom
longitudinal fissure hit cortex at bottom
what comes out at the midbrain area
oculomotor nerve
what si the basic appearance of the midbrain anteriorly
stumps with ditch between them
what are the stumps of the midbrain called
cerebral penducles
what do the cerebral peduncles contain
white enormous mostly fibres down
with stripe of grey matter in middle
what other feature of the midbrain is noticeable in a cross section
aqueduct
what is noticeable about the posterior surface of the pons
4t ventricle space
what is noticeable about the anterior surface of the pons
dip in midline where basilar artery compresses
what does the main lump of the pons consist of
white matter tracts anteriorly
white matter hang at sides
various grey nuclei matter
what part o the midbrain has olives
the medulla
what are the olives contain
grey matter distinctively in scrunchie look
what can be seen at the medulla posteriorly
4th vent
what is a nervous nucleus
in CNS aggregation of nerve cell bodies carrying out a sp function together CNS
what is a ganglion
aggregation of nerve cell bodies work together in PNS
what re the pyramids of the medulla
white matter tissue
overall there re 4 bulges of the medulla
2 olives
2 pyramids
what are the coverings of the brain
dura
arachnoid
pia
what is dura mater
tough fibrous bridges attached to skull
what is arachnid mater
delicate seals bag for CSF
what is the subarachnoid space
space wispy fibres under arachnid mater filled with arachnoid trabeculae
what is the pia mater
faithful, delicate dips
bleeding in cranial can types
extradural
subdural
subarachnoid
haemorrhage
what are cisterns
spaces filled with CSF
what si the arachnoid
a sealed bag for CSF of subarachnoid space
what are the two major contributing arteries to the circle of willis
vertebral nd internal carotid arteries
what are some branches of cycle willis
anterior cerebral middle cerebral internal carotid communicating arteries posterior cerebral basilar pontine sup/inf cerebellar vertebral
what is a berry aneurysm
wall weak on one side causing bulge outward
what are the dural folds of the skull
falx cerebri
tenetorium cerebelli tensoriali notch
what are the dural venous sinuses for
venous drainage of the cranial cav
what are the sinuses of the falx cererai
inferior ad superior sagittal sinus
straight sinus
confluence of sinuses
what re the other sinuses
sup petrosal sinus
sigmoid sinu
cavernous sinus
transverse sinus
what drains the very deep core of the brain
large great cerebral vein at end of straight sinus
what makes all CSF
choroid plexus in all ventricles
what is the flow of the CSF
lows out of vent syst into subarachnoid sp via apertures in 4th vent
how much CSF at one time
150ml
how much CSF prod a day
500ml meaning changed reg
what is the choroid plexus
blood vessels covered by sp glial cells modified ependymal cells
what happen to arahonoid granulations with age
become larger
what uptakes CSF from subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulations and then sup saggital sinus
where is the grey matter of spinal cord
centrally located
what is the structure of the grey matter in the spinal cord
h shaped arranged into horns
dorsal horn
ventral horn
intermediate horn
what are the modalities of the horns of spinal cord
sensory dorsal horn
motor ventral horn
intermediate autonomic function
what si the spinal white matter
peripheral dorsal columns
lateral columns
ventral columns
what is the white commissure of the spine
crossing fibre, axons orientated differently
what are all dorsal roots
all sensory
what are all ventral roots
all motor
what si the spinal crd the main pathway for
brain nd PNS
how many spinal nerve roots are to each kind of vertebrae
cervical - 8 thoracic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacral - 5 coccygeal - 1
what are spinal cord bulges
lumbar and cervical enlargements due t placement of arms and legs providing sensory and motor
what is the collection of nerves in the vertebral canl called
cauda equina
what are the bulges due to in the internal structure of the spinal cord
due to limb grey matter more nerves = more nerve cells
what matter increases up the spinal cord
white, increased neuronal traffic to and from the brian
why re rots long at the cord end
cor development spinal cord grow slower than spinal canal, roots get dragged out and longer
where does the spinal cord end for an adult
L1/L2
what its denticulate assc with spinal cord
cord attached to side of pia meninges via ligaments look like teeth called denticulate ligaments
where is safe to take a lumbar puncture
L4/L5
what happens to the spinal cord after he lumbar enlargement
ends in a cone shape- conns medularis to a little filament
what doe the filament of the end of the spinal cord do
anchors tip spinal cord to coccygeal vertebrae no real nervous function
what do the spinal cord segments supply
serves body segment - dermatome/myotome
what are the 2 pathways to cerebral cortex in spinal cord
dorsal column
anterolateral columns
both pathways to cerebral cortex have…
3 neurons, relay in thalamus and cross over to opposite side of brain
what does the dorsal column pathway do
two point discrimination/ fine touch
vibration nd conscious position sense
what is the dorsal column pathway
1st neuron - dorsal root gang, spinal cord ascends same side to medulla
2nd - medulla, axon crosses and to thalamus
3rd- thalamus ascends to cerebral cortex - post central cortex
what si the dorsal column path fro legs
1st - leg fibres in gracile tract
2nd- gracile nucleus
then to medial lemniscus
3rd- cerebral cortex to post central gyrus
what is the dorsal column path for arm
1st - cuneate tact fibres
2nd- cuneate nuclease crosses midline
medial lemniscus
wat does the anterolateral tract do
coarse touch localised pain temp itch deep pressure
what is the pathway fro anterolateral tract
1st - drg
2nd- neurone post horn (cross over)
3rd- to thalamus to cerebral cortex
what are the two types of pain
discriminative
affective
what is discriminative pain
localising
brief
A delta fibres ( sell myelinated)
what is affective pain
suffering pain
less localised
longer last
unmyelinated C slow fibres
what is the pathway for discriminative pain
anterolateral tract (neospinothalamic)
thalamus
post ental gyrus - sensory
what is the pathway for affective pain
spinoreticular bilateral
reticular form
thalamus
cingulate gyrus also connects to hypothalamus and amygdala
some visceral pain uses why pathway
via dorsal horn and dorsal column
where in the brain integrates the two types of pain
insula
what is the spinal cord -gate theory
modulate pain
inhibit interneuron
rubbing soothe parents touch
trans-electrical nerve stimulators
what does rubbing a ore bit do
inhibits incoming axons with pain
what is rexed lamina
10 different regions in grey matter which all ave sp function
how can the control of pain be modulated from higher centres down the spinal cord
modular incoming sensory info pain
this grey tube in midbrain periaqueductal grey which stops rathe nucleus
hat happen when there is a semi section of the cord
e.g. with knife
loss pain sensation contralateral below lesion
loss proprioception ipsilateral below
what si the cerebellum pathway using dorsal spinocerebellar tracts
unconscious proprioception
2 neurons same side
what si the cerebellum pathway using ventral spinocerebellar tracts
mainly concerned with leg input info about movement
double crossing to contralateral side
