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Neuroanatomy > Intro to Neuroscience and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Intro to Neuroscience and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cNS consist of

A

brain nd spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the parts of the brain which are easily seen from the side

A

cerebral hemispheres
dicephlon between brain
cerebellum
brainstem

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3
Q

what are the structures of the brian from below

A

telecephlon - cerebral hemispheres
diecephlon between brain
brainstem fully - midbrain, pons, medulla

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4
Q

what happens at the diencephalon

A

optic nerves originate from here

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5
Q

how does the nervous system originate

A

develops from tube which develops into lumps = cephalon and grow into structure

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6
Q

what is the smallest region of the hemispheres

A

midbrain and diencehplon

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7
Q

what are ventricles filled with

A

fluid CSF

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8
Q

what re the ventricles f the brain

A

2 x lateral
third
fourth

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9
Q

are all the ventricles associated with each other

A

yes

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10
Q

what attaches the lateral ventricles to the 3rd vent

A

intraventricular foramen

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11
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th vent

A

cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

what is a way of identifying a section of midbrain

A

small tube running down = aqueduct

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13
Q

what si the thin mem between later vents called

A

septum pallisidum

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14
Q

what is the corpus collosum

A

at base of telencephalon
huge white matter
major highway for sides of brain to communicate

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15
Q

what are the parts of the corpus callous

A

splenium posterior aspect
genue and anterior
fornix connection to thalamus

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16
Q

what are gyri and sulci

A

gyri - bumps

sulci - valleys

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17
Q

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

very deep sulcus sep lobes

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18
Q

what i the other deep sulcus

A

central sulcus

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19
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A 
temporal 
parietal
occipital
frontal
insula (hidden in fissure)
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20
Q

what is imp about central sulcus

A

divides motor and sensory cortex

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21
Q

what are the gyri called for motor and sensory cortex

A

precetral gyrus - motor

postcentral gyrus - sensory

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22
Q

what is the darker rind of the brain

A

grey matter

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23
Q

what is grey matter

A

contains neurons, neutron cell bodies and glial cells

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24
Q

why is the brain folded

A

to increase SA of grey matter fro thinking

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25
what is the inner part of the brain
white matter
26
what its white matter
lot of fat inside as myelin sheath wraps mem made of phospholipids andfatty acids
27
is the thalamus white or grey matter
grey matter substantially
28
what si a fissure of the brian and hits what at bottom
longitudinal fissure hit cortex at bottom
29
what comes out at the midbrain area
oculomotor nerve
30
what si the basic appearance of the midbrain anteriorly
stumps with ditch between them
31
what are the stumps of the midbrain called
cerebral penducles
32
what do the cerebral peduncles contain
white enormous mostly fibres down | with stripe of grey matter in middle
33
what other feature of the midbrain is noticeable in a cross section
aqueduct
34
what is noticeable about the posterior surface of the pons
4t ventricle space
35
what is noticeable about the anterior surface of the pons
dip in midline where basilar artery compresses
36
what does the main lump of the pons consist of
white matter tracts anteriorly white matter hang at sides various grey nuclei matter
37
what part o the midbrain has olives
the medulla
38
what are the olives contain
grey matter distinctively in scrunchie look
39
what can be seen at the medulla posteriorly
4th vent
40
what is a nervous nucleus
in CNS aggregation of nerve cell bodies carrying out a sp function together CNS
41
what is a ganglion
aggregation of nerve cell bodies work together in PNS
42
what re the pyramids of the medulla
white matter tissue
43
overall there re 4 bulges of the medulla
2 olives | 2 pyramids
44
what are the coverings of the brain
dura arachnoid pia
45
what is dura mater
tough fibrous bridges attached to skull
46
what is arachnid mater
delicate seals bag for CSF
47
what is the subarachnoid space
space wispy fibres under arachnid mater filled with arachnoid trabeculae
48
what is the pia mater
faithful, delicate dips
49
bleeding in cranial can types
extradural subdural subarachnoid haemorrhage
50
what are cisterns
spaces filled with CSF
51
what si the arachnoid
a sealed bag for CSF of subarachnoid space
52
what are the two major contributing arteries to the circle of willis
vertebral nd internal carotid arteries
53
what are some branches of cycle willis
``` anterior cerebral middle cerebral internal carotid communicating arteries posterior cerebral basilar pontine sup/inf cerebellar vertebral ```
54
what is a berry aneurysm
wall weak on one side causing bulge outward
55
what are the dural folds of the skull
falx cerebri | tenetorium cerebelli tensoriali notch
56
what are the dural venous sinuses for
venous drainage of the cranial cav
57
what are the sinuses of the falx cererai
inferior ad superior sagittal sinus straight sinus confluence of sinuses
58
what re the other sinuses
sup petrosal sinus sigmoid sinu cavernous sinus transverse sinus
59
what drains the very deep core of the brain
large great cerebral vein at end of straight sinus
60
what makes all CSF
choroid plexus in all ventricles
61
what is the flow of the CSF
lows out of vent syst into subarachnoid sp via apertures in 4th vent
62
how much CSF at one time
150ml
63
how much CSF prod a day
500ml meaning changed reg
64
what is the choroid plexus
blood vessels covered by sp glial cells modified ependymal cells
65
what happen to arahonoid granulations with age
become larger
66
what uptakes CSF from subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulations and then sup saggital sinus
67
where is the grey matter of spinal cord
centrally located
68
what is the structure of the grey matter in the spinal cord
h shaped arranged into horns dorsal horn ventral horn intermediate horn
69
what are the modalities of the horns of spinal cord
sensory dorsal horn motor ventral horn intermediate autonomic function
70
what si the spinal white matter
peripheral dorsal columns lateral columns ventral columns
71
what is the white commissure of the spine
crossing fibre, axons orientated differently
72
what are all dorsal roots
all sensory
73
what are all ventral roots
all motor
74
what si the spinal crd the main pathway for
brain nd PNS
75
how many spinal nerve roots are to each kind of vertebrae
``` cervical - 8 thoracic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacral - 5 coccygeal - 1 ```
76
what are spinal cord bulges
lumbar and cervical enlargements due t placement of arms and legs providing sensory and motor
77
what is the collection of nerves in the vertebral canl called
cauda equina
78
what are the bulges due to in the internal structure of the spinal cord
due to limb grey matter more nerves = more nerve cells
79
what matter increases up the spinal cord
white, increased neuronal traffic to and from the brian
80
why re rots long at the cord end
cor development spinal cord grow slower than spinal canal, roots get dragged out and longer
81
where does the spinal cord end for an adult
L1/L2
82
what its denticulate assc with spinal cord
cord attached to side of pia meninges via ligaments look like teeth called denticulate ligaments
83
where is safe to take a lumbar puncture
L4/L5
84
what happens to the spinal cord after he lumbar enlargement
ends in a cone shape- conns medularis to a little filament
85
what doe the filament of the end of the spinal cord do
anchors tip spinal cord to coccygeal vertebrae no real nervous function
86
what do the spinal cord segments supply
serves body segment - dermatome/myotome
87
what are the 2 pathways to cerebral cortex in spinal cord
dorsal column | anterolateral columns
88
both pathways to cerebral cortex have...
3 neurons, relay in thalamus and cross over to opposite side of brain
89
what does the dorsal column pathway do
two point discrimination/ fine touch | vibration nd conscious position sense
90
what is the dorsal column pathway
1st neuron - dorsal root gang, spinal cord ascends same side to medulla 2nd - medulla, axon crosses and to thalamus 3rd- thalamus ascends to cerebral cortex - post central cortex
91
what si the dorsal column path fro legs
1st - leg fibres in gracile tract 2nd- gracile nucleus then to medial lemniscus 3rd- cerebral cortex to post central gyrus
92
what is the dorsal column path for arm
1st - cuneate tact fibres 2nd- cuneate nuclease crosses midline medial lemniscus
93
wat does the anterolateral tract do
``` coarse touch localised pain temp itch deep pressure ```
94
what is the pathway fro anterolateral tract
1st - drg 2nd- neurone post horn (cross over) 3rd- to thalamus to cerebral cortex
95
what are the two types of pain
discriminative | affective
96
what is discriminative pain
localising brief A delta fibres ( sell myelinated)
97
what is affective pain
suffering pain less localised longer last unmyelinated C slow fibres
98
what is the pathway for discriminative pain
anterolateral tract (neospinothalamic) thalamus post ental gyrus - sensory
99
what is the pathway for affective pain
spinoreticular bilateral reticular form thalamus cingulate gyrus also connects to hypothalamus and amygdala
100
some visceral pain uses why pathway
via dorsal horn and dorsal column
101
where in the brain integrates the two types of pain
insula
102
what is the spinal cord -gate theory
modulate pain inhibit interneuron rubbing soothe parents touch trans-electrical nerve stimulators
103
what does rubbing a ore bit do
inhibits incoming axons with pain
104
what is rexed lamina
10 different regions in grey matter which all ave sp function
105
how can the control of pain be modulated from higher centres down the spinal cord
modular incoming sensory info pain | this grey tube in midbrain periaqueductal grey which stops rathe nucleus
106
hat happen when there is a semi section of the cord
e.g. with knife loss pain sensation contralateral below lesion loss proprioception ipsilateral below
107
what si the cerebellum pathway using dorsal spinocerebellar tracts
unconscious proprioception | 2 neurons same side
108
what si the cerebellum pathway using ventral spinocerebellar tracts
mainly concerned with leg input info about movement | double crossing to contralateral side

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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