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Neuroanatomy > Intro to Neuroscience and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Intro to Neuroscience and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cNS consist of

A

brain nd spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the parts of the brain which are easily seen from the side

A

cerebral hemispheres
dicephlon between brain
cerebellum
brainstem

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3
Q

what are the structures of the brian from below

A

telecephlon - cerebral hemispheres
diecephlon between brain
brainstem fully - midbrain, pons, medulla

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4
Q

what happens at the diencephalon

A

optic nerves originate from here

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5
Q

how does the nervous system originate

A

develops from tube which develops into lumps = cephalon and grow into structure

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6
Q

what is the smallest region of the hemispheres

A

midbrain and diencehplon

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7
Q

what are ventricles filled with

A

fluid CSF

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8
Q

what re the ventricles f the brain

A

2 x lateral
third
fourth

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9
Q

are all the ventricles associated with each other

A

yes

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10
Q

what attaches the lateral ventricles to the 3rd vent

A

intraventricular foramen

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11
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th vent

A

cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

what is a way of identifying a section of midbrain

A

small tube running down = aqueduct

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13
Q

what si the thin mem between later vents called

A

septum pallisidum

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14
Q

what is the corpus collosum

A

at base of telencephalon
huge white matter
major highway for sides of brain to communicate

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15
Q

what are the parts of the corpus callous

A

splenium posterior aspect
genue and anterior
fornix connection to thalamus

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16
Q

what are gyri and sulci

A

gyri - bumps

sulci - valleys

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17
Q

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

very deep sulcus sep lobes

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18
Q

what i the other deep sulcus

A

central sulcus

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19
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A 
temporal 
parietal
occipital
frontal
insula (hidden in fissure)
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20
Q

what is imp about central sulcus

A

divides motor and sensory cortex

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21
Q

what are the gyri called for motor and sensory cortex

A

precetral gyrus - motor

postcentral gyrus - sensory

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22
Q

what is the darker rind of the brain

A

grey matter

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23
Q

what is grey matter

A

contains neurons, neutron cell bodies and glial cells

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24
Q

why is the brain folded

A

to increase SA of grey matter fro thinking

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25
Q

what is the inner part of the brain

A

white matter

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26
Q

what its white matter

A

lot of fat inside as myelin sheath wraps mem made of phospholipids andfatty acids

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27
Q

is the thalamus white or grey matter

A

grey matter substantially

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28
Q

what si a fissure of the brian and hits what at bottom

A

longitudinal fissure hit cortex at bottom

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29
Q

what comes out at the midbrain area

A

oculomotor nerve

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30
Q

what si the basic appearance of the midbrain anteriorly

A

stumps with ditch between them

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31
Q

what are the stumps of the midbrain called

A

cerebral penducles

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32
Q

what do the cerebral peduncles contain

A

white enormous mostly fibres down

with stripe of grey matter in middle

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33
Q

what other feature of the midbrain is noticeable in a cross section

A

aqueduct

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34
Q

what is noticeable about the posterior surface of the pons

A

4t ventricle space

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35
Q

what is noticeable about the anterior surface of the pons

A

dip in midline where basilar artery compresses

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36
Q

what does the main lump of the pons consist of

A

white matter tracts anteriorly
white matter hang at sides
various grey nuclei matter

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37
Q

what part o the midbrain has olives

A

the medulla

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38
Q

what are the olives contain

A

grey matter distinctively in scrunchie look

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39
Q

what can be seen at the medulla posteriorly

A

4th vent

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40
Q

what is a nervous nucleus

A

in CNS aggregation of nerve cell bodies carrying out a sp function together CNS

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41
Q

what is a ganglion

A

aggregation of nerve cell bodies work together in PNS

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42
Q

what re the pyramids of the medulla

A

white matter tissue

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43
Q

overall there re 4 bulges of the medulla

A

2 olives

2 pyramids

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44
Q

what are the coverings of the brain

A

dura
arachnoid
pia

45
Q

what is dura mater

A

tough fibrous bridges attached to skull

46
Q

what is arachnid mater

A

delicate seals bag for CSF

47
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

space wispy fibres under arachnid mater filled with arachnoid trabeculae

48
Q

what is the pia mater

A

faithful, delicate dips

49
Q

bleeding in cranial can types

A

extradural
subdural
subarachnoid
haemorrhage

50
Q

what are cisterns

A

spaces filled with CSF

51
Q

what si the arachnoid

A

a sealed bag for CSF of subarachnoid space

52
Q

what are the two major contributing arteries to the circle of willis

A

vertebral nd internal carotid arteries

53
Q

what are some branches of cycle willis

A 
anterior cerebral 
middle cerebral 
internal carotid 
communicating arteries 
posterior cerebral 
basilar 
pontine 
sup/inf cerebellar 
vertebral
54
Q

what is a berry aneurysm

A

wall weak on one side causing bulge outward

55
Q

what are the dural folds of the skull

A

falx cerebri

tenetorium cerebelli tensoriali notch

56
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses for

A

venous drainage of the cranial cav

57
Q

what are the sinuses of the falx cererai

A

inferior ad superior sagittal sinus
straight sinus
confluence of sinuses

58
Q

what re the other sinuses

A

sup petrosal sinus
sigmoid sinu
cavernous sinus
transverse sinus

59
Q

what drains the very deep core of the brain

A

large great cerebral vein at end of straight sinus

60
Q

what makes all CSF

A

choroid plexus in all ventricles

61
Q

what is the flow of the CSF

A

lows out of vent syst into subarachnoid sp via apertures in 4th vent

62
Q

how much CSF at one time

A

150ml

63
Q

how much CSF prod a day

A

500ml meaning changed reg

64
Q

what is the choroid plexus

A

blood vessels covered by sp glial cells modified ependymal cells

65
Q

what happen to arahonoid granulations with age

A

become larger

66
Q

what uptakes CSF from subarachnoid space

A

arachnoid granulations and then sup saggital sinus

67
Q

where is the grey matter of spinal cord

A

centrally located

68
Q

what is the structure of the grey matter in the spinal cord

A

h shaped arranged into horns
dorsal horn
ventral horn
intermediate horn

69
Q

what are the modalities of the horns of spinal cord

A

sensory dorsal horn
motor ventral horn
intermediate autonomic function

70
Q

what si the spinal white matter

A

peripheral dorsal columns
lateral columns
ventral columns

71
Q

what is the white commissure of the spine

A

crossing fibre, axons orientated differently

72
Q

what are all dorsal roots

A

all sensory

73
Q

what are all ventral roots

A

all motor

74
Q

what si the spinal crd the main pathway for

A

brain nd PNS

75
Q

how many spinal nerve roots are to each kind of vertebrae

A 
cervical - 8
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5
coccygeal - 1
76
Q

what are spinal cord bulges

A

lumbar and cervical enlargements due t placement of arms and legs providing sensory and motor

77
Q

what is the collection of nerves in the vertebral canl called

A

cauda equina

78
Q

what are the bulges due to in the internal structure of the spinal cord

A

due to limb grey matter more nerves = more nerve cells

79
Q

what matter increases up the spinal cord

A

white, increased neuronal traffic to and from the brian

80
Q

why re rots long at the cord end

A

cor development spinal cord grow slower than spinal canal, roots get dragged out and longer

81
Q

where does the spinal cord end for an adult

A

L1/L2

82
Q

what its denticulate assc with spinal cord

A

cord attached to side of pia meninges via ligaments look like teeth called denticulate ligaments

83
Q

where is safe to take a lumbar puncture

A

L4/L5

84
Q

what happens to the spinal cord after he lumbar enlargement

A

ends in a cone shape- conns medularis to a little filament

85
Q

what doe the filament of the end of the spinal cord do

A

anchors tip spinal cord to coccygeal vertebrae no real nervous function

86
Q

what do the spinal cord segments supply

A

serves body segment - dermatome/myotome

87
Q

what are the 2 pathways to cerebral cortex in spinal cord

A

dorsal column

anterolateral columns

88
Q

both pathways to cerebral cortex have…

A

3 neurons, relay in thalamus and cross over to opposite side of brain

89
Q

what does the dorsal column pathway do

A

two point discrimination/ fine touch

vibration nd conscious position sense

90
Q

what is the dorsal column pathway

A

1st neuron - dorsal root gang, spinal cord ascends same side to medulla
2nd - medulla, axon crosses and to thalamus
3rd- thalamus ascends to cerebral cortex - post central cortex

91
Q

what si the dorsal column path fro legs

A

1st - leg fibres in gracile tract
2nd- gracile nucleus
then to medial lemniscus
3rd- cerebral cortex to post central gyrus

92
Q

what is the dorsal column path for arm

A

1st - cuneate tact fibres
2nd- cuneate nuclease crosses midline
medial lemniscus

93
Q

wat does the anterolateral tract do

A 
coarse touch
localised pain 
temp
itch
deep pressure
94
Q

what is the pathway fro anterolateral tract

A

1st - drg
2nd- neurone post horn (cross over)
3rd- to thalamus to cerebral cortex

95
Q

what are the two types of pain

A

discriminative

affective

96
Q

what is discriminative pain

A

localising
brief
A delta fibres ( sell myelinated)

97
Q

what is affective pain

A

suffering pain
less localised
longer last
unmyelinated C slow fibres

98
Q

what is the pathway for discriminative pain

A

anterolateral tract (neospinothalamic)

thalamus

post ental gyrus - sensory

99
Q

what is the pathway for affective pain

A

spinoreticular bilateral

reticular form

thalamus

cingulate gyrus also connects to hypothalamus and amygdala

100
Q

some visceral pain uses why pathway

A

via dorsal horn and dorsal column

101
Q

where in the brain integrates the two types of pain

A

insula

102
Q

what is the spinal cord -gate theory

A

modulate pain
inhibit interneuron
rubbing soothe parents touch
trans-electrical nerve stimulators

103
Q

what does rubbing a ore bit do

A

inhibits incoming axons with pain

104
Q

what is rexed lamina

A

10 different regions in grey matter which all ave sp function

105
Q

how can the control of pain be modulated from higher centres down the spinal cord

A

modular incoming sensory info pain

this grey tube in midbrain periaqueductal grey which stops rathe nucleus

106
Q

hat happen when there is a semi section of the cord

A

e.g. with knife
loss pain sensation contralateral below lesion
loss proprioception ipsilateral below

107
Q

what si the cerebellum pathway using dorsal spinocerebellar tracts

A

unconscious proprioception

2 neurons same side

108
Q

what si the cerebellum pathway using ventral spinocerebellar tracts

A

mainly concerned with leg input info about movement

double crossing to contralateral side

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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