Pain/Fine Touch

Question 1

List the senses (ways body perceives external stimulus)

Answer 1

• balance
• thermoreception
• pain
• propioreception (sense of body position at any time)

Question 2

A change in the electrical potential of a receptor is ______________________

Answer 2

Receptor potential

Question 3

Describe an adequate stimulus

Answer 3

Physical energy a receptor is tuned to respond to

Question 4

What is proportional to stimulus intensity?

Answer 4

Receptor potential amplitude and action potential frequency

Question 5

When a receptor has a high rate of response followed by a lower response rate with continued stimulus it is called:

Answer 5

Adaptation

Question 6

List the 3 classes of receptors

Answer 6

Exteroreceptors
Propioceptors
Interoceptors

Question 7

Which type of recpetor detects stimuli from inside body? Some receptors are pH, O2, level in arterial blood, CO2 concentration, etc

Answer 7

Interoceptor

Question 8

Describe propioceptors location and sensitivity

Answer 8

Location: skeletal muscles/tendons, ligaments
Sensitive: muscle stretch, muscle tone, and angle of joints

Question 9

Which receptors detect stimuli near outer surface of body and include skin (cold, warm, touch, pressure, vibration)?

Answer 9

Exteroceptors

Question 10

List examples of exteroceptors

Answer 10

• mechanoreceptor
• thermoreceptors
• nociceptors = pain
• chemoreceptor = taste/smell

Question 11

The receptor types for temperature are?

Answer 11

Cold - bulbs of Krause
Warm - Ruffini organs

Question 12

Which fibers are the bare or encapsulated nerve endings associated with?

Answer 12

A-delta and C fibers

Question 13

What is the Channel associated with temperature?

Answer 13

Transient Receptor Potential channel

Question 14

What is special to vampire bats that alllow them to detect infrared radiation?

Answer 14

3 nasal pits

Question 15

How are the 2 TRPV1 receptors activated in vampire bats?

Answer 15

Long form at heat - 109 F
Short form at cold 86 F

Question 16

Which TRPV1 detects infrared in vampire bats?

Answer 16

Short form

Question 17

Which sensory fibers origin innervated the pit membrane in rattlesnakes for infrared detection?

Answer 17

Trigeminal ganglion

Question 18

Which mechanoreceptors detect pressure?

Answer 18

Merkel’s disk, Tactile disk, Ruffini’s corpuscle

Question 19

List the 2 characteristics of stimulus detection

Answer 19

• tactile location: id where stimulus originates
• tactile discrimination: 2 pt discrimination

Question 20

Skin areas innervated by spinal nerves are called:

Answer 20

Dermatomes

Question 21

Which receptors detect pain?

Answer 21

Nociceptors

Question 22

What can pain elicit ?

Answer 22

a protective or aversive reaction to remove the organism from the stimulus

Question 23

List some stimuli that excite nociceptors

Answer 23

• mechanical stress
• extreme temps
• ischemia
• inflammatory chemicals (H+, K+, histamines, Pgs, etc)

Question 24

__________ fibers transmit fast pain

Answer 24

A-delta

Question 25

__________ fibers transmit slow pain

Answer 25

C fibers

Question 26

Describe pain transmission

Answer 26

Cell body in dorsal root ganglion

Question 27

What is the1st synaptic relay for pain inflammatory from periphery?

Answer 27

Dorsal horn of spinal cord

Question 28

Cells of nociceptors are in the dorsal root ganglion and terminate as?

Answer 28

Free endings in peripheral tissues

Question 29

What type of analgesia system is thought to exist in the brain?

Answer 29

Intrinsic/endogenous

Question 30

What type of analgesia system is thought to exist in the brain?

Answer 30

Intrinsic/edogenous

Question 31

What area needs to be stimulated in the midbrain to produce selective suppression of pain?

Answer 31

PAG -periaqueductal gray matter

Question 32

What does PAG stimulation inhibit?

Answer 32

Dorsal horn pain transmission cells

Question 33

What does the PAG and opioids activate in the Rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)?

Answer 33

The nucleus raphe magnus (NRM)

Question 34

PAG neurons release __________ onto NRM neurons

Answer 34

enkephalin

Question 35

Serotonin is released by __________ neurons onto dorsal cord neurons

Answer 35

NRM

Question 36

In the __________________, substance P is released by nociceptor afferent onto pain transmission cells

Answer 36

Spinal cord dorsal horn

Question 37

What inhibits release of substance P in the dorsal horn?

Answer 37

Opiates

Question 38

What channels are closed in an opioid moa?

Answer 38

Calcium

Question 39

What ions exit the cell in an opioid moa, thus hyperpolarizing it?

Answer 39

Potassium

Question 40

List where you can find opioid receptors through the body

Answer 40

- brain - brainstem - spinal cord - peripheral neurons - intestines

Question 41

If the brain stem is affected by opioid activity, what can be affected?

Answer 41

Respiration

Question 42

Why may constipation be a side effect of opioid medications?

Answer 42

Because receptors are expressed in neurons regulating peristalsis