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FF3 Exam 1 > Comparative Muscles/Passive Stay > Flashcards

Comparative Muscles/Passive Stay Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary components of the passive stay apparatus in the thoracic limb of horses?

A

Prox sesamoids, sesamoidean ligaments, suspensory ligament
## Footnote

These structures allow horses to doze while standing with minimal muscular activity.

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2
Q

List the superficial pectoral muscles.

A
  • Descending pectoral
  • Transverse pectoral

These muscles are involved in the movement and stabilization of the thoracic limb.

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3
Q

What is the clinical importance of the muscles and structures of the passive stay apparatus?

A

They relate to the weight bearing and movement of the horse

Understanding these structures is crucial for diagnosing and managing equine lameness.

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4
Q

How do the structures of the passive stay apparatus prevent joint flexion or extension in resting horses?

A

By supporting weight through tendons and ligaments

This system allows horses to maintain posture without muscular contraction.

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5
Q

What is the role of the serratus ventralis muscle?

A

It attaches the forelimb to the trunk and assists with shock absorption

This muscle is crucial for the stability of the thoracic limb.

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6
Q

What modifications occur at the shoulder joint in horses?

A

Thickened bicipital tendon of origin of biceps brachii

This tendon helps resist shoulder flexion.

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7
Q

True or False: The triceps muscle in horses has four heads.

A

False

The triceps has three heads in ungulates and no accessory head in horses.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ of the deep digital flexor passes through the carpal canal.

A

Deep belly

The deep digital flexor has multiple bellies, with specific roles in joint movement.

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9
Q

What is the function of the lacertus fibrosus?

A

Transmits force to keep the carpus in position

It connects the biceps brachii to the extensor carpi radialis.

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10
Q

List the components of the suspensory apparatus.

A
  • Suspensory ligament
  • Sesamoids
  • Sesamoidean l

These components work together to support the fetlock joint.

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11
Q

What prevents flexion of the elbow joint in horses?

A

Collateral ligaments and passive resistance from tendons

Flexion requires active contraction of the biceps.

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12
Q

What is the average length of sleep for horses?

A

3 hours

This includes a shorter REM sleep compared to humans.

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13
Q

What anatomical feature helps prevent collapse of the thoracic limb joints?

A

The passive stay apparatus

This system allows horses to stand and doze without collapsing.

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14
Q

True or False: The distal check ligament is an accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor.

A

False

The distal check ligament is an accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor.

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15
Q

What does the term ‘flying scapula’ refer to?

A

Rupture of the dorsoscapular ligament / serratus ventralis mm

This condition affects the stability and movement of the scapula.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ joint is supported by proximal and distal check ligaments.

A

Carpal

These ligaments are crucial for maintaining joint stability.

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17
Q

What is the average REM sleep duration for horses?

A

½ hour

This is significantly shorter than that of humans.

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18
Q

List the joints in the thoracic limb.

A
  • Shoulder
  • Elbow
  • Carpus
  • Fetlock
  • Pastern
  • Coffin

These joints are critical for limb movement and stability.

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19
Q

Which muscle wraps around the shoulder that gives it its roundness in horses; it is a part of the deep pectoral?

A

Subclavius

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20
Q

Where does the dorsocapular ligament fuse to?

A

surface of thoracolumbar fascia and to the scapula

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21
Q

How many heads of the deltoideus are there in the horse?

A

1, the scapular part

22
Q

How many tricep heads in ungulates?

A

3, no accessory in equine

23
Q

What connects the biceps brachial and extensor carpi radialis mm?

A

Lacertus fibrosis

24
Q

What is the only flexor of the carpus that is innervated by the radial n?

A

Ulnaris lateralis

25
Q

How many bellies in ruminants for the common digital extensor m?

A

2: medial and lateral

26
Q

Which belly of the common digital extensor inserts on the 3rd digit and is larger?

A

Medial belly

27
Q

Which belly of the common digital extensor splits and inserts on both digits?

A

Lateral belly

28
Q

How many bellies are there for the SDF in equine?

A

One

29
Q

Does the superficial belly of the SDF run outside or inside the flexor retinaculum?

A

Outside

30
Q

How many bellies does the DDF have?

A

3: humeral, smaller radial and ulnar

31
Q

Describe the relationship between SDFT and the DDFT in the distal limb

A

The SDFT will split distally to allow the DDFT to pass onto P3

32
Q

Which check ligament is associated with the SDF muscle?

A

Proximal

33
Q

Which ligament is associated with flexural deformities in young foals and calves?

A

The contraction of DDFT and distal check ligament

34
Q

What generates tension in the thoracic limb?

A

Weight on the shoulder

35
Q

(Flexion/extension) ______________ is prevented by _______________ in the shoulder joint.

A

Flexion; biceps brachii internal tendon

36
Q

Which tendon travels with the external carpi radialis?

A

Internal tendon of biceps brachii

37
Q

Describe the effect of lacertus fibrosus and its relationships

A

Weight applied at shoulder; tension is transmitted through internal tendon of biceps brachii to lacertus fibrosis, through its connection to the extensor carpi radialis keeps the carpus in position

38
Q

When the shoulder is fixed, the weight rests on the ?

A

Radius

39
Q

In which joint is Flexion prevented by the carpal and digital flexors resting and the collateral l location?

A

Cubital/elbow

40
Q

What naturally resists Flexion at the cubital joint?

A

Collateral ligaments being caudal to the point of rotation

41
Q

What needs to happen for Flexion to occur?

A

Active contraction by the biceps to stretch the collateral ligaments

42
Q

At the carpus, __________ is prevented by ___________ , ____________, and _____________.

A

Hyperextension; SDFT/DDF mm with their check ligaments; carpal bone shape, palmar carpal ligament

43
Q

List the carpal modifications

A
  • Proximal and distal check ligaments
  • palmar carpal ligament
  • flexor tendons
  • flexor retinaculum
44
Q

True or false: the distal limb has muscles

A

False

45
Q

At the _____________ joint, hyperextension is prevented by SDFT/DDFT and check ligaments and the suspensory apparatus

A

Fetlock joint

46
Q

The suspensory ligament is a modification association with which joint?

A

Fetlock

47
Q

Which ligament attaches to the common digital extensor tendon to passively resist the pull of the flexors?

A

Extensor branch of the suspensory ligament

48
Q

Describe the function of the suspensory apparatus

A

Form a sling to prevent hyperextension of the fetlock

49
Q

In the pastern joint, what prevents hyper extension?

A
  • Suspensory apparatus
  • straight sesamoidean ligament
  • DDFT
50
Q

Which structure prevents hyperextension of the coffin joint?

A

DDFT

FF3 Exam 1 (18 decks)

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