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FF3 Exam 1 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Process of maintaining a stable internal environment or being in a balanced state even with external changes to allow body to function properly

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2
Q

List the general steps of the pathways of homeostasis

A
  1. Stimulus produces change
  2. Change detected by receptor
  3. Input into control center
  4. Output into effector
  5. Response of effector feeds back to magnitude of stimulus
  6. Returns change to homeostasis
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of nerves?

A

Sensory and motor

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4
Q

The autonomic nervous system is _____________ (somatic or visceral) efferent

A

Visceral

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5
Q

The ANS is divided into:

A

SNS and PNS

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6
Q

Describe how the layout of the ANS work in homeostasis

A

Visceral receptors receive signal and take it afferently into ANS integration centers
Sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent relay the information into autonomic effectors (cardiac/smooth mm) to initiate response

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7
Q

Which outflow is in the PSNS?

A

Craniosacral outflow

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8
Q

What type of energy action is PSNS associated with?

A

Anabolism / conservation

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9
Q

SNS is associated with ___________ outflow, thus energy ___________

A

Thoracolumbar; catabolism

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10
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used by the SNS in pre-synaptic aspect?

A

ACh

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used by the SNS in pre-synaptic aspect?

A

ACh

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12
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with post ganglionic SNS?

A

Epi/norepinephrine

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13
Q

Describe PSNS release of neurotransmitters

A

Both (pre and post) axons release ACh

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14
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are what type of neurotransmitter?

A

Catecholamine

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15
Q

In SNS, which axons are longer?

A

Post synaptic/ganglionic

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16
Q

Describe PSNS axon length

A

Pre is longer than post

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17
Q

Sympathetic is fight/flight or rest and digest

A

Fight/flight

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18
Q

Does sympathetic or parasympathetic increase blood flow to GIT?

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q

Which 2 nerves are associated with Craniosacral outflow?

A

Vagus and pelvic

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20
Q

Thoracolumbar associates with which nerves?

A

Vertebral, hypogastric

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21
Q

Ionotropic receptors are ___________

A

Cholinergic - nicotinic on skeletal muscle

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22
Q

Metabotropic is associated with _________

A

Muscarinic

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23
Q

Which synthesized things are associated with cholinergic receptors?

A

Choline, choline acetyltransferase

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24
Q

Degradation at cholinergenic receptors is done by:

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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25
Q

Muscarinic recepors are signaling the ___________ and __________

A

Stomach and lungs

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26
Q

What type of receptors are at the NMJ?

A

Nicotinic

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27
Q

Monoamines/catecholamines are degraded by which 2 Substances?

A

Monoamine oxidase. (MAO) and Catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT)

28
Q

Which receptors are used in monoamine signaling?

A

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

29
Q

What is synthesized with monoamines/catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase

30
Q

In the CNS autonomic flow, the __________ is associated with behavioral arousal, emotion, stress response and homeostasis

A

Brain

31
Q

What integrates the automatic function with arousal and pain stimulation in CNS Autonomic outflow?

A

Tegmentum

32
Q

Tonic control of blood pressure and respiratory rhythms is done by?

A

Medulla

33
Q

List some stuff that the spinal cord is in charge of

A
  • micturition
  • defecation
  • erection
34
Q

What is the name of the system in mammals in the Triune brain theory?

A

Limbic System

35
Q

What is the limbic system involved in the mammal brain?

A

Decisions - emotions, memory, habits

36
Q

What part of the brain is connected to the structures within the limbic system and brainstem?

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

Describe how the Hypothalamus and limbic system work together

A

Together they control the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system to maintain homeostasis

38
Q

List some functions of the Hypothalamus

A
  • maintain body temp
  • control repro functions
  • control food intake
39
Q

What are the 3 types homeostatic responses coordinated by the hypothalamus?

A

Behavioral, endocrine, autonomic

40
Q

List a function paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

A

Produce ADH and oxytocin

41
Q

Thermal regulation is done by which hypothalamic nuclei

A

Anterior nucleus

42
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei contains sexually dimorphic nucleus?

A

Preoptic area

43
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the HT receives input from the _______________

A

Retina

44
Q

Stimulation of which HT nuclei results in obesity and savage behavior?

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

45
Q

Posterior nucleus is involved in stimulating which NS?

A

Sympathetic

46
Q

Which HT nuclei if stimulated induces eating?

A

Lateral nucleus

47
Q

Which HT nuclei is the statiety center?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

48
Q

Arcuate nucleus produces what?

A

Produces hypothalamic releasing factors

49
Q

What are the 2 secreting endocrine glands in the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

50
Q

Which pituitary secretes Oxytocin and ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary

51
Q

List some hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH, LH, PRL, endorphins

52
Q

Where do the HT secrete the regulatory hormones?

A

Into local circulation that drains into anterior pituitary

53
Q

How does the HT control the endocrine system?

A

By secreting oxytocin and vasopressin into general circulation

54
Q

Describe how the HT compares input to biological set points

A

Receives contextual information and sensory inputs

55
Q

Compare heat control in the hypothalamus area

A

Preoptic area - heat dissipation
Posterior area - heat conservation

56
Q

What type of pathways in the CNS control food intake and energy expenditure by influencing behavior, autonomic activity and metabolic rate

A

Anabolic and catabolic

57
Q

Energy balance and fat storage mechanisms control the amounts of _____________and ______________

A

Leptin and insulin

58
Q

Define leptin

A

Satiety hormone

59
Q

Name the hunger hormone

A

Ghrelin

60
Q

If the ventromedial hypothalamus was destroyed, what can be a consequence?

A

Obesity

61
Q

Stimulation of which HT nuclei causes weight loss?

A

Lateral HT

62
Q

Which HT nuclei is the satiety center ?

A

Ventromedial

63
Q

True or false: the hypothalamus can mediate immune responses

A

True

64
Q

Which HT nuclei is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

65
Q

Which is the sleep promoting nucleus?

A

Ventrolateral Preoptic nucleus

FF3 Exam 1 (18 decks)

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