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FF3 Exam 1 > Comparative Osteology > Flashcards

Comparative Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

List 2 things that differentiate the scapula in relation to the dog

A
  • scapular cartilage prominent in ungulates
  • acromion absent in equine and swine
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2
Q

Why is slope important in equine conformation?

A

Defines the reach of the stride

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3
Q

What is characteristics of an equine humerus?

A
  • Intertubercular groove with intermediate tubercle
  • Greater and lesser tubercles with cranial and caudal parts
  • Prominent deltoid tuberosity and brachialis groove
  • absent supratrochlear foramen
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4
Q

A greater tubercle that is shaped like a wave and a humerus with no intermediate tubercle is from which species?

A

Ruminants

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5
Q

What is the primary weight bearing bone in the antebrachium?

A

Radius, medial side

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6
Q

What is characteristic of the equine ulna?

A

Reduced in the horse and completely fused

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7
Q

Describe the ulna in ruminants

A

Slender and discernable

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8
Q

What is it called when there is incomplete fusion proximally of the radius and ulna?

A

Interosseus space

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9
Q

True or false: the lateral styloid process develops separately in the horse but fuses in adults

A

true

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10
Q

List the 3 cursorial specializations

A
  • Plantigrade
  • Digitigrade
  • unguligrade
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11
Q

List the bones of the proximal row of the carpus from medial to distal

A

Radial, Intermediate, ulnar, accessory

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12
Q

List the distal row of the equine carpus

A

Carpal bones I-IV

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13
Q

How many carpal bones does the horse have?

A

7 or 8 ; carpal bone 1 is inconsistent

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14
Q

How many carpal bones in the ruminants?

A

6

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15
Q

How many carpal bones in the pig?

A

8

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16
Q

List a special characteristic of the ruminant carpus

A

Carpal bones II and III are fused; I is missing

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17
Q

What is the anatomical name for the “cannon” bone

A

Metacarpal III

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18
Q

What runs in the metacarpal tuberosity?

A

Extensor carpi radialis

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19
Q

The condyle of the metacarpus articulates with __________ and the _________________ on P1

A

Sesamoids and intermediate groove

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20
Q

Which MC are the splint bones?

A

MC II and IV

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21
Q

What are the splint bones fused to the cannon bone by?

A

Interosseous ligaments

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22
Q

In ruminants, which MC are fused?

A

III and IV

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23
Q

The vestigial bone in ruminants is _________.

A

MC V

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24
Q

Which carpal bone rests entirely on the medial splint bone?

A

Carpal bone II

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25
Q

Where does Carpal IV rest in equines?

A

MC III and IV

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26
Q

Why are MC II lesions more common than MC IV?

A

Because the downward force distribution is concentrated on the medial side

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27
Q

Which phalanx forms the articulation with the distal cannon bone?

A

Proximal phalanx

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28
Q

What is another name for the proximal phalanx?

A

Long pastern or P1

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29
Q

Describe the location of the proximal sesamoids in relation to the phalanges

A

They are on the palmar surface of the fetlock joint

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30
Q

Which joint of the distal limb is a common site for fractures?

A

Fetlock joint

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31
Q

The short pastern is the _________ phalanx.

A

Middle

32
Q

The coffin bone is also known as which phalanx?

A

Distal

33
Q

The navicular bone is which bone when speaking anatomically?

A

Distal sesamoid

34
Q

What is the articulation of the short pastern the coffin and the navicular bone called?

A

Distal interphalangeal joint

35
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the Distal sesamoid bone?

A

Navicular syndrome

36
Q

Which digits are weight bearing in the ruminant?

A

3 and 4

37
Q

Which digits are non weight bearing in ruminants?

A

2 and 5

38
Q

What is the common term for digits 2 and 5 in ruminants?

A

Dewclaws

39
Q

Describe the phalanges in pigs

A

4 complete digits, but 2 and 5 are non-weight bearing

40
Q

Describe a difference in ruminants sesamoids

A

There are duplicated

41
Q

The shoulder joint is also known as the _________________ joint.

A

Glenohumeral

42
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket

43
Q

True or false: the shoulder joint has collateral ligaments

A

False

44
Q

Describe the function of the glenohumeral joint

A

Flex and extend

45
Q

What type of joint is the cubital joint?

A

Hinge joint

46
Q

Describe the location of the ligaments in relation to the center of rotation of the cubital joint

A

Caudal to the center of rotation

47
Q

List the two ligaments associated with the elbow joint

A

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments

48
Q

The superficial and deep collateral ligaments are lateral or medial?

A

Lateral

49
Q

There is a short __________ division and a long _________ division of the medial collateral ligaments.

A

Short caudal, long cranial

50
Q

What is another name for the carpus that’s technically not correct?

A

Knee

51
Q

List the 3 joints of the carpus

A
  • radiocarpal/antebrachiocarpal
  • midcarpal
    -carpometacarpal
52
Q

Describe the 2 divisions of the lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the carpus joints

A

Superficial and deep

53
Q

Which carpal joint compartment has the most movement?

A

Radiocarpal (60-90%)

54
Q

Describe the movement in the midcarpal joint compartment

A

~40% movement

55
Q

Which 2 joint compartments of the carpus communicate?

A

Midcarpal and carpometacarpal

56
Q

Describe movement in the carpometacarpal compartment

A

No movement

57
Q

What supports the carpus caudally?

A
  • palmar carpal ligament
  • Flexor tendons held in place by flexor retinaculum
58
Q

The accessory ligament of the SDFT (proximal check) supports the carpus ____________

A

Proximally

59
Q

What supports the carpus distally?

A

The accessory ligament of the DDFT (distal check)

60
Q

The fetlock/ankle joint is called the ______________

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

61
Q

What bones make up the fetlock joint?

A

MC III and proximal phalanx

62
Q

The metacarpophalangeal joint is a ________ joint.

A

Hinge

63
Q

List the ligaments associated with the metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments

64
Q

Which ligament attaches the sesamoids to the other bones?

A

The lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament

65
Q

List the interphalangeal joints

A
  • proximal
  • distal
66
Q

The pastern join it is a ______ joint

A

Hinge

67
Q

The coffin joint is what type of joint?

A

Saddle joint

68
Q

How much body weight is carried in the thoracic limb?

A

~60%

69
Q

The first conceptual spring of the thoracic limb is from where to where?

A

Proximal part of the limb (shoulder to elbow)

70
Q

List the structures that make up the suspensory apparatus

A
  • suspensory ligament
  • proximal sesamoids
  • distal sesamoidean ligaments
71
Q

What is the clinical term for the interosseus muscle in horses?

A

Suspensory ligament

72
Q

What is a structure that is also present in the suspensory apparatus that holds things in place?

A

Flexor manica

73
Q

List the sesamoidean ligaments

A
  • intersesamoidean ligament
  • straight sesamoidean
  • oblique sesamoidean
  • cruciate sesamoidean
74
Q

Which sesamoidean ligaments goes to the proximal end of middle phalanx?

A

Straight sesamoidean

75
Q

Which sesamoidean ligament goes to the palmar surface of proximal phalanx?

A

Oblique sesamoidean

76
Q

Which ligament attaches the navicular bone to the coffin bone?

A

Navicular impar ligament

77
Q

Which ligaments go superficial to the SDFT and DDFT

A

Annular ligaments

FF3 Exam 1 (18 decks)

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