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FF3 Exam 1 > Neuronal Cell Physio/Pain > Flashcards

Neuronal Cell Physio/Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Sodium in relation to the neuron?

A

Outside

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2
Q

Potassium is more on the __________ (inside/outside) of the neuron

A

Inside

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3
Q

The concentration force of potassium is _____________ (inward/outward)

A

Outward

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4
Q

The concentration force of both Na and Cl is ______________ (inward/outward)

A

inward

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5
Q

The Voltage force of Cl is _____________

A

Outward

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6
Q

Which ions have an inward voltage force ?

A

K and Na

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7
Q

List the steps of the Action Potential

A
  1. Stimulus overpasses threshold
  2. Depolarization
  3. Action potential
  4. Repolarization
  5. Hyperpolarization (RFP)
  6. Back to resting state
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8
Q

Describe Na ion movement during action potential

A

Sodium activation and depolarization is rapid

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9
Q

Describe K ion movement during action potential

A

Slow diffusion out of the cell

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10
Q

How does repolarization occur during an action potential?

A

By Na being inactivated and the slow diffusion out of the cell by K

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11
Q

Define a Neurotransmitter

A

Substance released synaptically by one neuron to an effector

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12
Q

What defines a neurotransmitter from a hormone

A

NT produce a localized effect as opposed to hormones producing systemic effects

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13
Q

Who termed the word synapse

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

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14
Q

Based on method of impulse conduction, list the 2 types of synapses

A
  1. Electrical
  2. Chemical
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15
Q

Define electrical synapse

A

Direct conduction through connexons; bidirectional

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16
Q

A unidirectional synapse where an unbridged junction is present and a chemical transmitter diffuses across a synaptic cleft between cells is:

A

Chemical synapse

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17
Q

What can be observed if looking through an electron microscope in a synapse?

A

Post synaptic density

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18
Q

What is the 1st step in NT release?

A

Action potential arrival opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels in Pre Synaptic terminal

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19
Q

In NT release, what activates docking proteins?

A

Calcium influx

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20
Q

What fuses to the pre synaptic membrane ?

A

Synaptic vessels

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21
Q

What occurs after the NT diffuses into the synaptic cleft?

A

Activates pre and post synaptic receptors

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22
Q

Describe how is NT action terminated

A
  • enzymes in the cleft
  • diffusion
  • reuptake
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23
Q

What transportation mechanism is used for NT release?

A

Exocytosis

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24
Q

Which CNS associated cell can also be activated in response to NT releases from pre synaptic terminal that lead to increased in CA ions?

A

Astrocyte receptors

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25
Q

Give an example of a substance released by Astrocytes in response to a Calcium influx

A

ATP
Proteins

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26
Q

Describe astrocyte-released ATP function in neuronal activity

A

Can be inhibitory or excitatory

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27
Q

Synapse formation can be controlled by?

A

Astrocyte-released proteins

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28
Q

Describe what can happen with astrocyte-released proteins

A

Regulate pre synaptic function
Modulate post synaptic neuron response to NT

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29
Q

Based on conductance of postsynaptic membrane to selective ions, list the synapse classifications

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

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30
Q

An ___________ synapse is defined in an increase in post synaptic membrane conductance to sodium (depolarizes membrane)

A

Excitatory

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31
Q

Which ion conductance characterizes the inhibitory synapse, which in turn hyperpolarizes membrane?

A

Potassium/chloride

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32
Q

The main excitatory NT is _____________

A

Glutamate

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33
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory Post synaptic potential

34
Q

What causes Ca2+ regulated release of a NT by synaptic vesicles?

A

Action potential

35
Q

What happens after NT is released by synaptic vesicles in an EPSP?

A

Attachment of NT to post synaptic membrane receptors

36
Q

What happens after ligand-gated Na channels open in an EPSP?

A

Cell becomes more positive because of the influx of Na

37
Q

Describe what happens to the EPSP after the influx of Na?

A

Degrades with time and distance, moves toward axon hillock

38
Q

If an EPSP reaches the axon hillock and is large enough to excede threshold?

A

Action potential is produced

39
Q

Describe spatial summation of EPSP

A

Subliminal volleys from 2 adjacent afferents applied to same target neuron, closely spaced in time

40
Q

2 well spaced subliminal volleys to same fiber is ______________ summation.

41
Q

Describe summation in relation to EPSP

A

Both temporal and spatial summation occur to produce depolarization

42
Q

What is the main inhibitory NT?

43
Q

What causes Ca2+ regulated release of inhibitory NT by synaptic vesicles?

A

Action potential

44
Q

Which ligand-gated channel opens in the IPSP?

45
Q

The K+ efflux/Cl- influx makes the cell more positive or negative?

46
Q

List the 2 transmitter receptor types based on MoA

A
  • ionotropic
  • metabotropic
47
Q

Which NT release would likely cause an increase in firing?

A

Glutamate release

48
Q

Ionotropic receptors are characterized by?

A

-Receptor site on membrane
-induces opening of ionic gates through conformational changed in protein structure

49
Q

Ionotropic action is __________ (rapid/slow)

50
Q

Acetylcholine at NMJ is an example of which transmitter receptor types?

A

Ionotropic

51
Q

What was the 1st NT identified, which proved chemical neurotransmission?

A

Acetylcholine

52
Q

Where is ACh synthesized ?

A

Cytoplasms of presynaptic terminal

53
Q

The precursors to ACh are: _________ and ____________

A

Choline and Acetyl coenzyme A

54
Q

Which enzyme is associated with ACh?

A

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

55
Q

ACh is stored in ________________ in presynaptic terminal

A

Synaptic vesicles

56
Q

What causes vesicle fusion and NT release of ACh?

A

Ca influx after depolarization

57
Q

Describe the relationship between NT release and Ca2+ influx

A

The amount of NT released is proportional ro the amount of Ca2+ influx

58
Q

Acetylcholine esterase breaks down ACh into _________ and ________

A

Choline and acetate

59
Q

Where is AChE located?

A

Synaptic cleft

60
Q

What happens to choline ?

A

Taken back up into presynaptic terminal (active ATP process)

61
Q

What happens to acetate ?

A

Diffuses away to be used in other metabolic roles

62
Q

List where you can find ACh

A
  • NMJ to skeletal muscles
  • ANS neurons (PSNS/SNS) to smooth muscle
  • CNS: cortical arousal vs sleep
63
Q

The transmitter receptor characterized by G protein stimulation of metabolic changes in target cell and 2nd messenger activation is?

A

Metabotropic

64
Q

Another name for metabotropic receptor is __________

A

G protein coupled receptor (GPCRs)

65
Q

What are the targets of 1/3 - 1/2 of all drugs and why?

A

GPCRs because they detect NT and Hormones, odors, light, etc.

66
Q

List some classes of transmitters

A
  • acetylcholine
  • monoamines
  • AA
  • Neuropeptides
  • Gases
  • Lipids
67
Q

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine (DA, Serotonin (5-HT) and HIstamine are what type of transmitters?

A

Monoamines

68
Q

Dopaminergic is usually (inhibitory or excitatory)

A

Inhibitory

69
Q

Which neurons secrete Dopamine?

A

Substantia nigra

70
Q

What secretes Serotonin?

A

Brain stem neurons

71
Q

What monoamines inhibits spinal cord pain pathways?

A

Serotonin (5-HT)

72
Q

Glutamate and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are what type of monoamines?

A

Amino acids

73
Q

Which monoamines cause prolonged actions like changes in receptor #s or ion channel closure?

A

Neuropeptides

74
Q

Give an example of a Neuropeptide

A

Hypothalamic releasing hormone, Growth hormone, insulin

75
Q

Some peptide transmitters can be:

A

CCK, Gastrin, galanin, oxytocin, somatostatin, vasopressin

76
Q

Describe peptide characteristics

A
  • can make neuron less responsive
  • responses have slower onset but longer duration
  • often co released with amine transmitter
77
Q

Why is NO gas released in seconds to minutes?

A

Top change postsynaptic neuron metabolic function

78
Q

Erectile dysfunction and vasodilation are associated with which gas?

79
Q

Lipids act on ______________ receptors to produce euphoria, hunger, etc

A

Endocannabinoid

80
Q

IL and INF are __________

A

Immunotransmitters

81
Q

Which immunotransmitter initiates fever in the HT?

A

Interleukins

82
Q

Describe what do INF do

A

Make you feel bad when sick

FF3 Exam 1 (18 decks)

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