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FF3 Exam 1 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fundamental cellular units that form neural circuits?

A

Neurons

Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting information throughout the nervous system.

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2
Q

What type of glial cell regulates inflammation and forms the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

Astrocytes play a critical role in maintaining the environment around neurons.

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3
Q

What are the immune cells of the central nervous system?

A

Microglia

Microglia are crucial for the immune defense in the CNS.

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4
Q

What type of glial cell produces cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and facilitate the production of cerebrospinal fluid.

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5
Q

What are the major divisions of the central nervous system?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myeloencephalon

These divisions organize the brain’s structure and function.

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6
Q

What is the gateway to the cerebral cortex that processes sensory inputs?

A

Thalamus

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information.

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7
Q

What structure controls autonomic functions, emotions, and sleep cycles?

A

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus plays a vital role in homeostasis and behavioral regulation.

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8
Q

Which part of the brain contains the auditory and visual pathways?

A

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

The midbrain is involved in processing sensory information and motor control.

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9
Q

What part of the brain connects the cerebellum to the brain and modifies respiratory output?

A

Pons

The pons serves as a communication hub between different parts of the brain.

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10
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls vital involuntary reflexes (swallowing, breathing, heart rate)

The medulla oblongata is essential for autonomic functions necessary for survival.

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11
Q

What are the three protective layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid layer
  3. Pia mater

These layers protect the brain and spinal cord from injury.

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12
Q

What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Allows brain to float within skull

Cerebrospinal fluid provides cushioning and support for the brain.

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13
Q

True or False: Blood-brain barrier controls substance entry into the brain.

A

True

The blood-brain barrier selectively permits certain substances to enter the brain while blocking others.

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14
Q

What types of neural circuits exist?

A
  1. Monosynaptic reflexes
  2. Multi-synaptic circuits with interneurons
  3. Complex pathways (ascending and descending)

These circuits facilitate different types of information processing.

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15
Q

What system regulates emotion and memory?

A

Limbic System

The limbic system is integral to emotional responses and memory formation.

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16
Q

List key components of the limbic system.

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
  2. Fornix
  3. Anterior thalamic nuclei
  4. Hypothalamus
  5. Amygdaloid nucleus
  6. Hippocampus

Each component plays a unique role in emotional and memory processing.

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17
Q

What is canine degenerative myelopathy?

A

Progressive fatal hereditary disease causing fiber degeneration in brain and spinal cord

Symptoms include hind limb weakness, paralysis, and respiratory problems, with no available cure.

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18
Q

What advanced imaging technique is mentioned?

A

MRI

MRI is widely used for visualizing internal structures of the body, including the brain.

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19
Q

What are some research contributions acknowledged with the Nobel Prize?

A
  1. Nervous system structure
  2. Green fluorescent protein
  3. Magnetic resonance imaging
  4. Hypothalamus function
  5. Artificial neural networks

These contributions have significantly advanced the fields of neuroscience and technology.

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20
Q

Where do microglia develop?

A

Yolk sac

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21
Q

The microglia are like which type of body cell but of the CNS?

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

How many neurons in the human brain?

A

100 billion

23
Q

How is it possible for there to be so many neurons in the human brain?

A
  • gyrus - brain itself
  • sulcus - shallow spaces
  • fissures - big spaces btw gyrus
24
Q

Where is stimulus received in the neuron?

A

Dendrites

25
Q

Describe the function of the cell body of the neuron

A

Integration/decision if it will fire

26
Q

If the cell body fires the signal, what travels down the axon, starting at the axon hillock?

A

The action potential

27
Q

Which part of the neuron affects another neuron or effector?

A

Synaptic terminals at axon

28
Q

The electrical part of the neuron is in which part?

A

Axon

29
Q

Normally, the neuron is +/-

A

Negative

30
Q

What happens electrically in the neuron when there is a stimulus?

A

It becomes positive

31
Q

The chemical part of the neuron involves what?

A

Neurotransmitters

32
Q

How do neurons communicate ?

A

Electrochemical neurotransmission

33
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released?

A

Synaptic cleft

34
Q

Describe epilepsy

A

When too much Action potential is being transmitted at the same time

35
Q

List some signs of epilepsy in dogs

A
  • leg paddling
  • excessive drooling / foaming
  • uncontrollable shaking
  • frenzied barking/whining
36
Q

List the 2 simple sensorimotor circuits

A
  • monosynaptic
  • multi synaptic with interneuron
37
Q

In which division of the nervous system are sensory and motor neurons?

A

PNS

38
Q

Which part of the cortex is involved with desires, cravings, and addiction?

A

Insula

39
Q

Which structures are associated with the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum, basal ganglia

40
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus are associated with which division of the CNS?

A

Diencephalon

41
Q

Mesencephalon has the ________

A

Midbrain

42
Q

Which CNS division has pons and cerebellum?

A

Metencephalon

43
Q

Medulla oblongata is part of which CNS division

A

Myeloencephalon

44
Q

Describe the midbrain location

A

Small section Rostral to the pons

45
Q

What is the highest center for sensorimotor integration in lower vertebrates?

A

Midbrain

46
Q

Which colliculus is part of the auditory pathway in the midbrain?

A

Caudal colliculus

47
Q

Describe integration of Rostral colliculus

A

Visual and sensory pathway

48
Q

What is the center of dopamine production?

A

Substantia nigra

49
Q

The rounded brainstem region between the midbrain and medulla oblongata is the ?

A

Pons

50
Q

What is the origin of some Cranial nerves and has sleep/respiratory centers?

A

Pons

51
Q

Define the cerebellum

A

Connected to brainstem and is the center of body movement and balance

52
Q

Which structure merges with the spinal cords, creating the base of the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata

53
Q

Define the meninges

A

Layers of tissue that separate skull and brain

54
Q

Where are the ependymal cells?

A

Ventricles

FF3 Exam 1 (18 decks)

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