Pages 91-104 Flashcards by Does Not Matter

What is the pathway that urine follows?

Nephrons –> renal papillae –> minor calyces –> major calyces –> renal pelvis –> ureters –> urinary bladder –> urethra

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Where do ureters begin and end?

Began at renal pelves and end at posterior portion of urinary bladder

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How is urine moved along the ureters?

peristaltic waves

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How many cm long are the ureters?

25cm

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What type of epithelium allows for stretching?

Transitional epithelium

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What is the triangular trigone?

Triangular space on the floor of the bladder between two openings of the ureters and the base of the bladder where the urethra is

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What surrounds the neck of the bladder?

Internal urethral sphincter

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The function of detrusor muscle?

Contract to push urine out

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What are the four layers of the bladder?

-Inner mucous coat/transitional epithelium
-Submucouso
-Muscularis
-Outer serous coat

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What are the four layers of the bladder?

-Inner mucous coat/transitional epithelium
-Submucous
-Muscularis
-Outer serous coat

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What is the function of the urethra?

-Convey urine outside the body
-Reproduction in males

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What is the length of the urethra?

-Females 4cm (reason for UTI)
-Males 19.5 cm

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What is micturation?

Passing urine from the body

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How much can the urinary bladder hold?

600mL

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When does the urge to urinate occur?

150mL

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What is a kidney stone composed of?

Several minerals
-Uric acid
-Calcium phosphate
-Magnesium phosphate
-Calcium oxalate

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What three things can cause kidney stones?

-Calcium supplements
-Excess vitamin D
-Urinary tract blockage/infection

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What four things happen to the kidneys as people age?

-Kidney cells die and are replaced by connective tissue
-Kidneys less able to activate vitamin D
-Kidneys lose half a mass due to glomeruli loss and GFR is reduced
-Reabsorption of nutrition is less efficient

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What three things happen in the bladder as people age?

-Loses elasticity
-Incontinence
-Holds less urine

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What must be equal to maintain constant balance in the body?

Incoming H2O and electrolytes = outgoing H2O and electrolytes

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What mechanism in the brain help maintain H2O homeostasis

Thirst centers in the brain

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What are the three ways the body acquires water and percentages of gain?

-10% by body metabolism
-30% from moist food
-60% from drinking fluids

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How does body metabolism create water?

When amino acids or monosaccharides are joined, water is created as a byproduct

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What are the four ways H2O is lost and the percentages of loss?

-60% urine
-6% feces
-6% sweat
-28% evaporation from skin/breathing

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What does the osmoreceptor do?

Detects osmotic pressure in the hypothalamus and regulates urine produced in the kidney

What can dehydration result in?

Hyperthermia

What are the three output outlets for electrolytes?

Perspiration, feces, and urine

What are the three input outlets for electrolytes?

Food, fluid, and metabolic reactions

What are 5 important electrolytes?

-Na+ -K+ -CA+2 -Mg+2 -Cl-

What three things are the positively charged ions (Na+, K+, and Ca+2) important for?

-Impulse conduction -Muscle contraction -Maintenance of cell membrane permeability

What electrolytes does aldosterone regulate?

Na+ and K+

What hormone does a decrease in Ca+2 cause to be released?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hyponatremia?

Low blood Na+

Hyponatremia do in the body?

Uptake of water by cells

Causes of hyponatremia?

Sweating, vomiting and drinking too much water

Hypernatremia?

High blood Na+

Hypernatremia causes?

Excess water loss

Hypernatremia two effects?

Confusion and CNS disturbances

What is hypokalemia?

Low blood K+

Causes of hypokalemia?

Some diuretics and kidney disease

Effects of hypokalemia?

Muscle weakness and breathing problems

Hyperkalemia?

High blood K+

Causes of Hyperkalemia?

Renal disease and aldosterone deficiency

Effects of hyperkalemia?

Skeletal muscle paralysis and cardiac disturbances

Normal pH range of body?

7.35-7.45

What is a pH of <7.35 called?

Acidosis

What is a pH of >7.45 called?

Alkalosis

What are acids?

Electrolytes that ionize in water and release H+

What are bases?

Substances that release ions that combine with H+ lowering the number of H+ (e.g., OH-)

What does the acid-base balance in the body involve the regulation of?

H+ ion concentrations in body fluid

What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids?

Stong acids ionize completely and release for H+ ions than weak acids which do not ionize completely and release less H+ ions

What is the difference between strong bases and weak bases?

Stong bases ionize more completely and release more OH- ions than weak bases which ionize less completely and release fewer OH- ions

Do normal metabolic reactions typically produce acids or bases?

Acids

What three things help maintain the acid-base balance?

-Chemical buffer system -Respiratory excretion of CO2 -Renal Excretion of H+ ions

What is a chemical buffer system?

Chemicals based in all body systems what combine with excess acids or bases

Buffer?

Substances that stabilizes the pH of a solution even when acid or base is added (minimize pH changes)

Buffer?

Substances that stabilize the pH of a solution even when acid or base is added (minimize pH changes)

Where is the bicarbonate buffering system found?

Intracellular and extracellular fluid

What is carbonic acid?

H2CO3

What can carbonic acid be split into?

H+ and HCO3/bicarbonate

What does the renal system do to compensate for extra acidity?

Excrete H+ ions

What does amino acid metabolism generate?

High H+ conditions/acidic condition

What is the general difference between how the respiratory system and the renal system adjust the acid-base balance?

Respiratory system does in it minutes Renal system takes 1-3 days

What is the first line of defense against a pH shift?

Chemical buffer system

What is the second line of defense against a pH shift?

Physiological buffers (remove acid)

Respiratory acidosis is from the increase of what two chemicals/what are the respiratory acids?

CO2 and H2CO3

What can cause metabolic acidosis?

Accumulation of acidity or loss of bases

What two things can add non-respiratory acids to the body?

Kidney failure and excess productions of keytones

What are ketones?

Acids the body makes when it breaks down fat for energy

How can the body lose bases?

Prolonged diarrhea or PROLONGED vomiting

Respiratory alkalosis?

Excess loss of CO2 or H2CO3

Metabolic alkalosis?

Excess loss of H+ ion or gain of a base