Pages 91-104 Flashcards
What is the pathway that urine follows?
Nephrons –> renal papillae –> minor calyces –> major calyces –> renal pelvis –> ureters –> urinary bladder –> urethra
Where do ureters begin and end?
Began at renal pelves and end at posterior portion of urinary bladder
How is urine moved along the ureters?
peristaltic waves
How many cm long are the ureters?
25cm
What type of epithelium allows for stretching?
Transitional epithelium
What is the triangular trigone?
Triangular space on the floor of the bladder between two openings of the ureters and the base of the bladder where the urethra is
What surrounds the neck of the bladder?
Internal urethral sphincter
The function of detrusor muscle?
Contract to push urine out
What are the four layers of the bladder?
-Inner mucous coat/transitional epithelium
-Submucouso
-Muscularis
-Outer serous coat
What are the four layers of the bladder?
-Inner mucous coat/transitional epithelium
-Submucous
-Muscularis
-Outer serous coat
What is the function of the urethra?
-Convey urine outside the body
-Reproduction in males
What is the length of the urethra?
-Females 4cm (reason for UTI)
-Males 19.5 cm
What is micturation?
Passing urine from the body
How much can the urinary bladder hold?
600mL
When does the urge to urinate occur?
150mL
What is a kidney stone composed of?
Several minerals
-Uric acid
-Calcium phosphate
-Magnesium phosphate
-Calcium oxalate
What three things can cause kidney stones?
-Calcium supplements
-Excess vitamin D
-Urinary tract blockage/infection
What four things happen to the kidneys as people age?
-Kidney cells die and are replaced by connective tissue
-Kidneys less able to activate vitamin D
-Kidneys lose half a mass due to glomeruli loss and GFR is reduced
-Reabsorption of nutrition is less efficient
What three things happen in the bladder as people age?
-Loses elasticity
-Incontinence
-Holds less urine
What must be equal to maintain constant balance in the body?
Incoming H2O and electrolytes = outgoing H2O and electrolytes
What mechanism in the brain help maintain H2O homeostasis
Thirst centers in the brain
What are the three ways the body acquires water and percentages of gain?
-10% by body metabolism
-30% from moist food
-60% from drinking fluids
How does body metabolism create water?
When amino acids or monosaccharides are joined, water is created as a byproduct
What are the four ways H2O is lost and the percentages of loss?
-60% urine
-6% feces
-6% sweat
-28% evaporation from skin/breathing
What does the osmoreceptor do?
Detects osmotic pressure in the hypothalamus and regulates urine produced in the kidney
What can dehydration result in?
Hyperthermia
What are the three output outlets for electrolytes?
Perspiration, feces, and urine
What are the three input outlets for electrolytes?
Food, fluid, and metabolic reactions
What are 5 important electrolytes?
-Na+
-K+
-CA+2
-Mg+2
-Cl-
What three things are the positively charged ions (Na+, K+, and Ca+2) important for?
-Impulse conduction
-Muscle contraction
-Maintenance of cell membrane permeability
What electrolytes does aldosterone regulate?
Na+ and K+
What hormone does a decrease in Ca+2 cause to be released?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hyponatremia?
Low blood Na+
Hyponatremia do in the body?
Uptake of water by cells
Causes of hyponatremia?
Sweating, vomiting and drinking too much water
Hypernatremia?
High blood Na+
Hypernatremia causes?
Excess water loss
Hypernatremia two effects?
Confusion and CNS disturbances
What is hypokalemia?
Low blood K+
Causes of hypokalemia?
Some diuretics and kidney disease
Effects of hypokalemia?
Muscle weakness and breathing problems
Hyperkalemia?
High blood K+
Causes of Hyperkalemia?
Renal disease and aldosterone deficiency
Effects of hyperkalemia?
Skeletal muscle paralysis and cardiac disturbances
Normal pH range of body?
7.35-7.45
What is a pH of <7.35 called?
Acidosis
What is a pH of >7.45 called?
Alkalosis
What are acids?
Electrolytes that ionize in water and release H+
What are bases?
Substances that release ions that combine with H+ lowering the number of H+ (e.g., OH-)
What does the acid-base balance in the body involve the regulation of?
H+ ion concentrations in body fluid
What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids?
Stong acids ionize completely and release for H+ ions than weak acids which do not ionize completely and release less H+ ions
What is the difference between strong bases and weak bases?
Stong bases ionize more completely and release more OH- ions than weak bases which ionize less completely and release fewer OH- ions
Do normal metabolic reactions typically produce acids or bases?
Acids
What three things help maintain the acid-base balance?
-Chemical buffer system
-Respiratory excretion of CO2
-Renal Excretion of H+ ions
What is a chemical buffer system?
Chemicals based in all body systems what combine with excess acids or bases
Buffer?
Substances that stabilizes the pH of a solution even when acid or base is added (minimize pH changes)
Buffer?
Substances that stabilize the pH of a solution even when acid or base is added (minimize pH changes)
Where is the bicarbonate buffering system found?
Intracellular and extracellular fluid
What is carbonic acid?
H2CO3
What can carbonic acid be split into?
H+ and HCO3/bicarbonate
What does the renal system do to compensate for extra acidity?
Excrete H+ ions
What does amino acid metabolism generate?
High H+ conditions/acidic condition
What is the general difference between how the respiratory system and the renal system adjust the acid-base balance?
Respiratory system does in it minutes
Renal system takes 1-3 days
What is the first line of defense against a pH shift?
Chemical buffer system
What is the second line of defense against a pH shift?
Physiological buffers (remove acid)
Respiratory acidosis is from the increase of what two chemicals/what are the respiratory acids?
CO2 and H2CO3
What can cause metabolic acidosis?
Accumulation of acidity or loss of bases
What two things can add non-respiratory acids to the body?
Kidney failure and excess productions of keytones
What are ketones?
Acids the body makes when it breaks down fat for energy
How can the body lose bases?
Prolonged diarrhea or PROLONGED vomiting
Respiratory alkalosis?
Excess loss of CO2 or H2CO3
Metabolic alkalosis?
Excess loss of H+ ion or gain of a base
