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Z Winter Break A&P II > Pages 91-104 > Flashcards

Pages 91-104 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway that urine follows?

A

Nephrons –> renal papillae –> minor calyces –> major calyces –> renal pelvis –> ureters –> urinary bladder –> urethra

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2
Q

Where do ureters begin and end?

A

Began at renal pelves and end at posterior portion of urinary bladder

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3
Q

How is urine moved along the ureters?

A

peristaltic waves

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4
Q

How many cm long are the ureters?

A

25cm

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5
Q

What type of epithelium allows for stretching?

A

Transitional epithelium

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6
Q

What is the triangular trigone?

A

Triangular space on the floor of the bladder between two openings of the ureters and the base of the bladder where the urethra is

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7
Q

What surrounds the neck of the bladder?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

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8
Q

The function of detrusor muscle?

A

Contract to push urine out

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9
Q

What are the four layers of the bladder?

A

-Inner mucous coat/transitional epithelium
-Submucouso
-Muscularis
-Outer serous coat

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10
Q

What are the four layers of the bladder?

A

-Inner mucous coat/transitional epithelium
-Submucous
-Muscularis
-Outer serous coat

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11
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

-Convey urine outside the body
-Reproduction in males

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12
Q

What is the length of the urethra?

A

-Females 4cm (reason for UTI)
-Males 19.5 cm

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13
Q

What is micturation?

A

Passing urine from the body

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14
Q

How much can the urinary bladder hold?

A

600mL

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15
Q

When does the urge to urinate occur?

A

150mL

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16
Q

What is a kidney stone composed of?

A

Several minerals
-Uric acid
-Calcium phosphate
-Magnesium phosphate
-Calcium oxalate

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17
Q

What three things can cause kidney stones?

A

-Calcium supplements
-Excess vitamin D
-Urinary tract blockage/infection

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18
Q

What four things happen to the kidneys as people age?

A

-Kidney cells die and are replaced by connective tissue
-Kidneys less able to activate vitamin D
-Kidneys lose half a mass due to glomeruli loss and GFR is reduced
-Reabsorption of nutrition is less efficient

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19
Q

What three things happen in the bladder as people age?

A

-Loses elasticity
-Incontinence
-Holds less urine

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20
Q

What must be equal to maintain constant balance in the body?

A

Incoming H2O and electrolytes = outgoing H2O and electrolytes

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21
Q

What mechanism in the brain help maintain H2O homeostasis

A

Thirst centers in the brain

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22
Q

What are the three ways the body acquires water and percentages of gain?

A

-10% by body metabolism
-30% from moist food
-60% from drinking fluids

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23
Q

How does body metabolism create water?

A

When amino acids or monosaccharides are joined, water is created as a byproduct

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24
Q

What are the four ways H2O is lost and the percentages of loss?

A

-60% urine
-6% feces
-6% sweat
-28% evaporation from skin/breathing

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25
Q

What does the osmoreceptor do?

A

Detects osmotic pressure in the hypothalamus and regulates urine produced in the kidney

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26
Q

What can dehydration result in?

A

Hyperthermia

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27
Q

What are the three output outlets for electrolytes?

A

Perspiration, feces, and urine

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28
Q

What are the three input outlets for electrolytes?

A

Food, fluid, and metabolic reactions

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29
Q

What are 5 important electrolytes?

A

-Na+
-K+
-CA+2
-Mg+2
-Cl-

30
Q

What three things are the positively charged ions (Na+, K+, and Ca+2) important for?

A

-Impulse conduction
-Muscle contraction
-Maintenance of cell membrane permeability

31
Q

What electrolytes does aldosterone regulate?

A

Na+ and K+

32
Q

What hormone does a decrease in Ca+2 cause to be released?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

33
Q

Hyponatremia?

A

Low blood Na+

34
Q

Hyponatremia do in the body?

A

Uptake of water by cells

35
Q

Causes of hyponatremia?

A

Sweating, vomiting and drinking too much water

36
Q

Hypernatremia?

A

High blood Na+

37
Q

Hypernatremia causes?

A

Excess water loss

38
Q

Hypernatremia two effects?

A

Confusion and CNS disturbances

39
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Low blood K+

40
Q

Causes of hypokalemia?

A

Some diuretics and kidney disease

41
Q

Effects of hypokalemia?

A

Muscle weakness and breathing problems

42
Q

Hyperkalemia?

A

High blood K+

43
Q

Causes of Hyperkalemia?

A

Renal disease and aldosterone deficiency

44
Q

Effects of hyperkalemia?

A

Skeletal muscle paralysis and cardiac disturbances

45
Q

Normal pH range of body?

A

7.35-7.45

46
Q

What is a pH of <7.35 called?

A

Acidosis

47
Q

What is a pH of >7.45 called?

A

Alkalosis

48
Q

What are acids?

A

Electrolytes that ionize in water and release H+

49
Q

What are bases?

A

Substances that release ions that combine with H+ lowering the number of H+ (e.g., OH-)

50
Q

What does the acid-base balance in the body involve the regulation of?

A

H+ ion concentrations in body fluid

51
Q

What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids?

A

Stong acids ionize completely and release for H+ ions than weak acids which do not ionize completely and release less H+ ions

52
Q

What is the difference between strong bases and weak bases?

A

Stong bases ionize more completely and release more OH- ions than weak bases which ionize less completely and release fewer OH- ions

53
Q

Do normal metabolic reactions typically produce acids or bases?

A

Acids

54
Q

What three things help maintain the acid-base balance?

A

-Chemical buffer system
-Respiratory excretion of CO2
-Renal Excretion of H+ ions

55
Q

What is a chemical buffer system?

A

Chemicals based in all body systems what combine with excess acids or bases

56
Q

Buffer?

A

Substances that stabilizes the pH of a solution even when acid or base is added (minimize pH changes)

57
Q

Buffer?

A

Substances that stabilize the pH of a solution even when acid or base is added (minimize pH changes)

58
Q

Where is the bicarbonate buffering system found?

A

Intracellular and extracellular fluid

59
Q

What is carbonic acid?

A

H2CO3

60
Q

What can carbonic acid be split into?

A

H+ and HCO3/bicarbonate

61
Q

What does the renal system do to compensate for extra acidity?

A

Excrete H+ ions

62
Q

What does amino acid metabolism generate?

A

High H+ conditions/acidic condition

63
Q

What is the general difference between how the respiratory system and the renal system adjust the acid-base balance?

A

Respiratory system does in it minutes
Renal system takes 1-3 days

64
Q

What is the first line of defense against a pH shift?

A

Chemical buffer system

65
Q

What is the second line of defense against a pH shift?

A

Physiological buffers (remove acid)

66
Q

Respiratory acidosis is from the increase of what two chemicals/what are the respiratory acids?

A

CO2 and H2CO3

67
Q

What can cause metabolic acidosis?

A

Accumulation of acidity or loss of bases

68
Q

What two things can add non-respiratory acids to the body?

A

Kidney failure and excess productions of keytones

69
Q

What are ketones?

A

Acids the body makes when it breaks down fat for energy

70
Q

How can the body lose bases?

A

Prolonged diarrhea or PROLONGED vomiting

71
Q

Respiratory alkalosis?

A

Excess loss of CO2 or H2CO3

72
Q

Metabolic alkalosis?

A

Excess loss of H+ ion or gain of a base

Z Winter Break A&P II (11 decks)

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